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HISTORICAL APPROACHES

These laws are...

PAVLOV (1849-1936)

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus (the bell) and a naturally occurring stimulus (the food).

Structuralism and Functionalism

Words to know:

Inheritable, trait, procedure, flaw

Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)

Inheritable Traits

  • English mathematician and scientist, wanted to understand how heredity influences a person's abilities, character, and behavior.
  • He studied eminent families and found that greatness runs in families. He concluded that genius or eminence runs in families...
  • He made the question: Wouldn't the world be a better place if we could get rid of the less desirable people? He believed that "good" marriages produced talented offspring.

Is there something wrong with his theory?

So what influences the intelligence of a person?

After recognizing the flaws of Galton's

theories, it was determined that: a person's

heredity and that person's environment interact to produce intelligence.

  • He invented procedures for directly testing the abilities and characteristics of a wide range of people. These tests were the primitive ancestors of modern personality and intelligence tests.
  • Galton's writings raised the issue whether behavior is determined by heredity or environment -a subject that remains a focus of controversy today.

WHAT DO YOU SEE?

GESTALT

FUNCTIONALISM

William James (1842-1910)

  • He's called the father of psychology in the U.S.
  • He taught the first class in psychology at Harvard University in 1875.
  • James speculated that thinking, feeling, learning, and remembering -all activities of the mind- serve one major function: to help us survive as a species.
  • He focused on the functions or purposes of the conscious mind and the goals or functions or purposes of behaviors.
  • Functionalists study how mental processes help animals and people adapt to their environment.
  • He developed a method of self observation called introspection to collect info, about the mind. With this method participants reported their thoughts and feelings.
  • He tried to map out the basic structure of thought processes.
  • He was a structuralist: he was interested in the basic elements of human experience.

STRUCTURALISM

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

TRANSITION

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)

Kurt Kofka (1886-1941)

Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967)

They were German psychologists that disagreed with

the principles of structuralism.

  • Perception is more than just the sum of its parts- it involves a "whole pattern" or, in German, a Gestalt.
  • Gestalt psychologists studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences.

What does it say?

Gestalt theory states that "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts." And it is in a way, a protest against Wundt's Psychology. They thought that when sensory elements combined, they formed a new pattern or configuration. Our perception goes beyond from what the eyes can see, beyond our senses.

How was it born?

It all started with Max Wertheimer's train trip from Vienna to Rhineland.

He felt the train was moving when it wasn't. So he decided to go back to his lab and find out why he saw what he saw.

From this, theories of visual perception were

developed. These theories attempt to describe how people tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied. These principles are:

or law of simplicity

Continuation occurs when the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object.

Continuation occurs in the example above, because the viewer's eye will naturally follow a line or curve. The smooth flowing crossbar of the "H" leads the eye directly to the maple leaf.

FIGURE

The word above is clearly perceived as figure with the surrounding white space ground.

In this image, the figure and ground relationships change as the eye perceives the the form of a shade or the silhouette of a face.

How it came to be

Everything started when Max Wertheimer was going to travel by train from Vienna to Rhineland. He had the sensation that the train had moved, when in fact it hadn't. Story has it he got off the train and decided to discover why he saw what he saw, and felt what he felt.

And that is how the laws of visual perception came to be. These type of laws try to describe how our brain organizes visual elements in groups or 'organized wholes" when certain principles are applied.

FIGURE AND GROUND

The word above is clearly perceived as figure with the surrounding white space ground.

In this image, the figure and ground relationships change as the eye perceives the the form of a shade or the silhouette of a face.

Continuation occurs when the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object.

Continuation occurs in the example above, because the viewer's eye will naturally follow a line or curve. The smooth flowing crossbar of the "H" leads the eye directly to the maple leaf.

Results of his study =

  • Behavior begins to be thought of as the result of previous experiences.
  • Tool to explore the development of behavior.
  • It helped explain how certain behaviors and differences between individuals were the result of a learning process.
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