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Immigrants that came from Asia, Italy, Russia, Poland, and Austria-Hungary between 1880 and 1920 were referred to as "New Immigrants." These new immigrants came to the U.S. in order to start a new life and have better way of life. The immigration of these new immigrants helped add to our already "melting pot" diversity that is the United States, making the new immigrants a definite joy of the 1800s.
http://www.lancastermennonite.org/kraybill/technology/immigration.html
However, the robber barons didn't take too kindly to the labor unions going on strike and trying to reform labor laws so the robber barons threatened the unions with brute force. When the labor unions refused to back down, there was some violence that broke out between the industrialists and the labor unions, making this a major challenge of the time.
https://apush-wiki-marlborough-school.wikispaces.com/The+Industrial+Era+(1877-1882)
Despite the incredibly disheartening topic of "How the Other Half Lives," Jacob Riis is a true joy for the time period. He helped get the word out on how poorly people were living in New York. His book helped cause much needed reforms throughout the country, especially in big citites.
http://www.booksshouldbefree.com/book/How-the-Other-Half-Lives
As a result of the unfair treatment from the robber barons, workers formed labor unions in which they bargained to get better working conditions, better pay, and shorter hours. These labor unions worked with one another to make those reforms happen. This makes labor unions a certain joy of the time period.
The Emergency Quota Act and National Origins Act can be seen as both a joy and a challenge. As the immigrants constantly came into the U.S. the population skyrocketed and our cities weren't able to keep up with the rapid growth, so these two Acts were put into place in an attempt to control the steady immigration rate.
http://www.brighthub.com/office/human-resources/articles/98741.aspx#imgn_0
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~le20j/NeutralityAfterWar.html
Ellis Island and Angel Island were definite joys because of the massive impact they made on the immigration process into the United States. These were the first places new immigrants would go in order to go through and immigration process in order to become official US citizens.
The court case "Plessy v. Ferguson" was definetely a challenge at the end of the 1800s. This court case was taken to the supreme court where it was eventually decided that "separate but equal" was ok after Homer Plessy was arrested for refusing to sit in the "colored" railcar. He took the case to the Supreme Court claiming that segregation violated the 14th amendment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson
W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington were both absolute joys of the period. They were leaders in the movement to end segregation and get rights for the African Americans that were supposed to already be seen as equal rights.
http://www.italiamerica.org/id49.htm
http://www.sistasthemusical.com/StudyGuide-Historical.htm
Robber barons were another challenge during the late 1800s. Robber barons is a derogatory term for the industrialists of the time who took advantage of the work force in order to turn a large profit. The workers had to work long hours for low pay in dangerous conditions in which many lost limbs or seriously injured themselves, yet these robber barons gained massive amounts of money from their hardwork.
http://history1800s.about.com/od/1800sglossary/g/Robber-Baron-definition.htm
The portable camera, first invened by George Eastman in 1888, is another joy that comes from that time period. This amazing invention allowed people to instantly and seemlessly capture the moment. Additionally, the invention of roll film, also by George Eastman, helped these portable cameras to sell much quicker.
The telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. Bell was an inventor of Scottish decent. The telephone was the first step to the modern day cell phone. This was such a joy for the time because it decreased the time it took to converse with one another and make business deals.
http://www.photoxels.com/e576000-will-get-you-one-of-the-first-camera/
The invention of electricity and the light bulb changed were one of the most influencial inventions in the 1800s. These two inventions were made by Thomas Edison in late 1800s and made life much simpler throughout the country. The lightbulb gave light to people at night and in dark areas, with a lower fire hazard. Electricity more effectively powered machines than the steam engines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison
Monopolies were a major challenge in the United States in the 1800s, especially when one was moving westward. These monopolies had complete control over an industry so they were able to charge whatever they wanted to charge and people would have to buy it at that price because the monopoly controlled all of it and there was not any competition.
http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/04/voice-of-alexander-graham-bell-heard-in-recovered-audio-recording/
http://deadlyclear.wordpress.com/2011/07/24/mers-causes-banksters-nightmare-to-continue/
Another challenge of moving west during the 1800s was the integration of businesses and industries while groups and individiuals tried to create monopolies. The horizontal integration was when they bought out all the competetors selling the same thing and vertical was when they bought companies or groups so that they had all the resources they needed to create their product. The combination of horizontal and vertical integration is what created a monopoly and caused major issues in the 1800s.
https://mstartzman.pbworks.com/w/page/21901448/vertical%20and%20horizontal%20integration%20%284%29
Social Darwinism was a major challenge during the 1800s. Industrialists of the time used this new idea called social darwinism as an excuse for how poorly they were treating their workers. The idea of social darwinism is that the rich are naturally superior and may do what they wish while the poor were poor because they were inferior in all ways.
https://mstartzman.pbworks.com/w/page/34920056/Social%20Darwinism%20(sixth)