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Traditional and Virtual Manipulatives
should both be used in the classroom
Teachers need to be educated on the
use of manipulatives and use them as a
valuable resource in the classroom
Manipulatives aid in hands-on-learning of mathematics, technology integration, and mathematical conceptual understanding
Some studies conclude that children who use traditional manipulatives outperform children that use virtual manipulatives by their performance on assessment tests.
Studies with virtual manipulatives are still largely under researched.
Attention getting graphics
Flexible & Accessible
Learn by trial and error and receive
immediate feedback
No time wasted by
clean-up
Physical interaction with tangible objects
Multi-sensory
Objects are used for abstract reasoning
Opportunities for collaboration with other students
Learn while playing
Cuisenaire Rods
Unifex Cubes
Digi- Blocks
Geometrical Shapes
Plastic Hundreds Board
Base 10 Blocks
Pestalozzi Method
The Abacus
Salamis Tablet
Froebel Gifts
Digital Manipulatives
Virtual Manipulatives
Montessori Method
Students utilize their tactile and visual skills
Research has shown that learning occurs best if students have meaningful context for the mathematical concept and understand fundamental relationships for that knowledge (National Research Council)
Multi-embodiment principle
The use of examples and non-examples
They can be concrete models that incorporate mathematical concepts, appeal to several senses, and can be touched and moved around by students
They can be an interactive, Web-based visual representation of a dynamic object as in a
virtual manipulative.