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Jerome Bruner and Lev Vygotsky
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Educational Implications
Jerome Bruner
To Bruner, the important outcomes of learning are not just the concepts and categories, but the ability to invent new things. Cognitive growth is the difference between human capabilities and and culturally invented technologies. The cultural technologies include not only computers and television but more abstract things such as culture categories. The aim of the education system is to create autonomous learners ( the ability to learn to learn)
He proposed that there were three modes of representation in cognitive developement of children.
Enactive ( 0 - 1 years) - This appears first, action based information is stored in the memory, for example, a baby shaking a toy is a muscle movement. This is represented through motor responses, for example, an infant will shake a rattle once it has fallen on the floor, this response is not just limited to children. Many adults perfrom motor tasks that they would struggle to explain in images (iconic) or through words (symbolic)
Iconic (1 - 6 years) - The information is visually stored in picture format. Some people experience this in the conscience however, others don't expereince this at all. This could explain why when learning a new subject, it is helped if we have a visual aid such as images or diagrams to back up verbal information.
Symbolic ( 7 + years) - This is where the information is stored in the form of a code or a symbol such as langauge, this is the most adaptable form of representation, it allows actions and images to be used in fixed relation to the present time. The symbols are flexible and can therefore be manipulated to fit the child best. in this stage, knowledge is stored mainly through words, maths symbols or other symbol systems.