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Sports Development Continuum

Foundation Stage - Rugby

Participation Stage - Rugby

Foundation Stage - Netball

Elite Stage - Basketball

What is it?

In the participation level, younger children are playing for their local teams and developing a stronger interest in the game. This level is possibly the most important level in the continuum as it is important for everyone to carry on taking part in sport even after they finish school so that they can live a healthier lifestyle. The participation level is not only a good way to be a part of to excel in an individuals chosen sport, but it helps out the community as many young people will be kept busy and involved in rugby rather than being on the streets causing crime and violence. Participating in a club sport is a good way to get young people back into the community by doing something positive. In this stage, it is more competitive than the previous stage (foundation) as this is the stage where young individuals have chosen that they want to carry it futher than foundation stage. At this point, young children will be participating in school games, festivals and club games and they become more aware of the health, and fitness factors that come alongside the game of rugby.

At school level, children will be taught the basic skills of the game such as catching and passing, this is in the earlier years of their school lives. It is important that all kids have at least a small knowledge of how to play so that they have more opportunities in sports later on in life. Also at foundation level teachers offer their knowledge of the game in order to educate kids enough for them to want to continue in the sport. Foundation stage rugby is a good way to help children find out whether they want to carry on playing or whether it is not the sport for them. It is a good taster for what they could get themselves involved in, whilst trying to develop themselves into a better player for the future.

The purpose of this stage is to help children stay healthy and active as the foundation stage is not taken too seriously (if a young player does not want to) as it is such a low level of rugby. It may just be a good way to keep a young individual healthy by being involved in a less competitive sport (if chosen not to be involved in the competitive side of rugby), also to increase participation.

Netball at foundation level helps to provide junior school pupils with basic knowledge of the game – such as passing and catching.

First Step Netball has been designed primarily for children aged 7 - 9 years of age (years 3 and 4),

The very first stage of playing netball is High 5 – it is designed specifically for 9-11 year-olds, in which it uses fun and variety to get them into the game, polish their skills and aid fitness.

High 5 means that there is only 5 players on court, and makes the children take on off court roles such as time keeping and scoring.

It can be mixed or single sex teams with a maximum of 2 boys on court at any time, a key part of high 5 is to have a rolling rotation of different positions between the players so that they are able to experience each position, making them more adaptable when their older in games.

The purpose for foundation stage in netball is to increase participation so that the sport keeps up its reputation. Also for younger athletes that want a taster to what netball is like so that they are able to create a decision on whether to carry on playing or try something else.

National level and above, includes championships around the world. In basketball, players that are at the elite level are able to play internationally and represent their home country. England basketball introduced the AASE programme where a number or colleges around the country are able to trial players that want to go further in the basketball pathway to try and reach top level of performance. The league has honed the development of a number of England and GB internationals, players who have gone on to receive scholarships domestically and abroad, identified as having the talent to go on and forge a professional career in basketball. A strength of the elite pathway is that, again, it is able to enhance players at an age of 16/17/18-year-olds to focus mainly on their basketball by going through trials to enable them to compete in national leagues to help prepare them for international leagues that they may find themselves in a few years’ time. A weakness of this pathway is that it restricts other players from performing at this level is they do not get into an AASE academy, which could be due to the number of places taken on the squad.

The Sports Development Continuum is a model that represents a persons' involvement in sports by showing what stage they are at. It highlights the route a performer can take to become an elite performer. It is also known as the performance pyramid. There are 4 stages in the pyramid - Foundation, Participation, Performance and Elite.

Performance Stage - Rugby

Elite Stage - Netball

Performance Stage - Basketball

Participation Stage - Netball

At performance level players have realized they have significant skill in the game to a make a living from it and play for county and club level. Players are playing for careers in the game and also for their own personal enjoyment. Players at this stage are not yet good enough to play at international level.

Foundation Stage - Basketball

In rugby, the right way to progress is to join a club, so that as an individual they are able to get other training alongside any other rugby teams such as school/college/uni etc.

Development officers make their aim to develop, promote and sustain netball in a fun and

positive manner and aim to provide annual inter school competitions for all schools and provide opportunities to ‘talent spot’ potential players in secondary school years and give clear pathways for them to follow to achieve their potential. The next level up is 7-a-side netball when there is always 7 players on court at a time. In this stage many players have fixed positions, however they are able to swap positions in between quarters.

Participation stage is a good way to help get young individuals into the sport of netball so that they are able to run a active healthy lifestyle, enjoy taking part in sports, and to help reduce the number of crime and violence within their communities so that they are able to focus on something more rewarding. It is a good way to meet new friends and learn new skills.

The National Excel Pathway:

This area of the pathway consists of the National Excel Programme (U17 & U19) which progresses into the Excel Plus Programme (U21 & National Squad).

The National Performance Academy is for U19 and U17 England Squad Athletes. Camps and weekend training run throughout the year, bringing all the best athletes of this age group together for extra training with the very best and supervised Strength and Conditioning.

The National Performance Academy takes place at one of the three INTCs giving players on the brink of breaking into the full INTC High Performance Programme exposure to this, placing them alongside U21 and Senior athletes and providing them with some of the wrap around support that they require, e.g. on-site physiotherapy, performance lifestyle and medical services. Prior to tours and Netball Europe, U19 and U17 squads will be selected from the National Academy and will be provided with extra squad training.

In netball, players usually progress through representing a club, county, regionals or nationals.

To be able to represent a county, regional or nation, players need to go through a trailing process to get picked for squads at that standard. Usually players need to work their way up through a club to the county squad, then to the regional squad and then to the national squad. This is the process for developing athletes with the attributes to attain excellence.

The programmes within the pathway are focused on developing athletes to reach their potential.

Usually when players go through trials to enter academies to help improvement through practices, competition and skill. In basketball, the performance pathway is regional standard, Regional Development squads for U15 and U17 players include the staging of subsequent Regional Development Tournaments which will provide further player development opportunities for players at that level. England Basketball development and performance programs are focused on individual player development. Good coaches will focus on the fundamentals and progress the execution of those skills so that a player is able to progress into the GB development squad. A strength of the performance level in basketball is that it is able to enhance players from a young age and put them on a pathway where they can slowly progress, allowing them to have gained experience and knowledge, so then they can put that into practice when at the age to be competing in higher leagues and levels. A weakness to this pathway is that players who may not have been playing basketball for long, are able to join a squad (if they get through trials), which could mean that a player who has been successful in basketball since a young age and has always been picked for squads, may not have a place in the squad due to the newer player joining.

Foundation stage is when children are being introduced to the sport of basketball, where they learn the basic skills, learning positive attitudes towards physical activity. Skills that children would learn at foundation stage would be passing,, bouncing and shooting. Children are usually introduced to basketball when they are in primary school as the game is made less complicated as there are so many different elements and techniques for players to learn, meaning that basketball at foundation stage level just revolves around the main basic skills to get children to develop and move onto the next level.

The purpose of foundation stage in basketball is to try and encourage participation to get basketball as well known as football.

Elite Stage - Rugby

Participation Stage - Basketball

Performance Stage - Netball

COMPARE SPORTS AND THEIR STAGES

Participation Stage

Foundation Stage

At the excellence stage of the sports development continuum players are performing at the highest possible level, playing for top professional clubs and their international teams. Players like this include strong role models such as Jonny Wilkinson, James Hook, and Brian O'Driscoll etc. These players have passed through each level of the continuum at some point in order to reach this stage of elite status. All players with an elite status at some point started out at grass-root level. Elite stage can be for anyone that is 16 years and above that are good enough to participate in the elite stages of rugby.

Participation stage basketball, netball and rugby are more or less the same with all players joining outside clubs so that they are able to participate outside of school, learning more skills and knowledge.

To progress in basketball into performance stage, players will go through trials to enter academies to help improvement through practices, competition and skill. In basketball, the performance pathway is regional standard,, which would include the staging of subsequent Regional Development Tournaments which will provide further player development opportunities for players at that level.

To progress in netball, players can try and train themselves to join the Netball Excel Pathway - the England Netball process for developing athletes with the attributes to attain excellence. The programmes within the pathway are focused on developing athletes to reach their potential.

To progress in rugby to performance stage, players need significant skill in the game to a make a living from it and play for county and club level. and to progress it into a career. in the game Players at this stage are not yet good enough to play at international level.

Between basketball, netball and rugby, the first level of playing their sports revolve around learning the basic skills and knowledge of the sport, which are learnt in the early stages at primary school.

To progress into participation level in basketball, players can choose to join an outside club or a school team. They will try basketball at a recreational (CVL), school or club level, so that they are involved in the sport more, meaning they can progress quicker.

The same applies in netball - to progress from foundation stage, players will be able to enter (as a team) inter school competitions to provide opportunities to ‘talent spot’ potential players in secondary school years and give clear pathways for them to follow to achieve their potential.

To progress into participation stage in rugby, players have the choice of playing for their local teams and developing a stronger interest in the game,, again, allowing them to progress quicker than another player who only plays once a week for their school team.

The Netball Excel Pathway is the England Netball process for developing athletes with the attributes to attain excellence. The programmes within the pathway are focused on developing athletes to reach their potential and form the foundations to enable England Netball to be the Number 1 Ranked Team in the World.

These programmes provide performance-enhancing training for individuals, not squads. Competition is outside the Excel Pathway Programmes, in clubs (local leagues, county leagues and regional leagues) and (but not only) school competition.

The Regional Excel Pathway:

This area of the pathway consists of 3 progressive programmes:

 Satellite Academy – owned by the county

 County Academy – owned by the county

 Regional Academy – owned by the region

Strengths of Rugby

The stage where children become more involved in the game and choose to join an outside club or a school team. They will try basketball at a recreational (CVL), school or club level. This can be at any age, but will normally be between 10 and 16. From there, players with interest in basketball will become more frequent participants at school, community and club level.

Players will then begin to concentrate on their passion for basketball. During these years (typically between 13 and 17), players will train and play multiple times a week and within a season. They will build their skill base through frequent training as they dedicate themselves to becoming a better basketball player. They will build their experience through training and competition and will have to make decisions regarding the best club and school to aid their development.

To help an individual progress in the sport of basketball, they simply need to play and practice more hours so that they are able to improve their skills such as hand and eye co-ordination, ball handling, and the technical side of the game. The individual will also have to work hard on how they structure their practice so that it will help them by giving them more concentrated session which will improve their individual game skills and knowledge of the game.

Elite Stage

Performance Stage

A strength of rugby is that there are a lot of clubs around for boys and girls to both take part in which the ages start from a very young age which means that the players are able to play at the same club til they're at the performance level.

In basketball, netball and rugby, in the elite stage, all three sports consist of progressing players into national or international teams performing to their maximum ability.

Players do not need to progress any further when they reach this level of the continuum. Their main priority is to ensure that they keep playing up to the level and standard of the ellite stage so that they do not loose out on opportunities of representing their country. As athletes are making the elite stage,, their are plenty other athletes on the pathway that want the same goal as players that have made the elite stage, meaning that their place is not secure and could be taken by an upcoming athlete.

In basketball, netball and rugby, the performance stage is for the players that want to go on in their sport and play for a higher level team, making it more of their passion and career, rather than something they do for fun. In basketball - regional, in netball - national, and in rugby - county.

To progress from performance stage in basketball players will need to focus on playing at National level and above, including championships around the world. Players that are at the elite level are able to play internationally and represent their home country.

To progress in netball from the performance stage, players will need to focus on the National Excel Programme (U17 & U19) which progresses into the Excel Plus Programme (U21 & National Squad).

To progress in rugby, players will be wanting and setting their goals on performing at the highest possible level, playing for top professional clubs and their international teams.

Another strength could be rugby coaches visiting schools to help educate and increase participation in rugby. It can also help benefit girls from trying to get them involved in the sport more which means that in the future there will be more females involved in rugby than ever before.

Another strength of rugby is that there is a good range of high level coaching available in most schools as it is a sport that is on most schools sport curriculum, which means that participation will be increased as the players will feel that they will be getting something out of training due to having a knowledgeable coach which will help them to develop their skills.

Strengths of Netball

In the participation stage, officers come to schools to 'talent sport' girls that they think could potentially go further in netball. This is a strength as it helps increase participation as more girls will want to push themselves to try and get talent spotted.

Strengths of Basketball

Girls are able to start playing netball at a fairly young age as it is one of the main curriculum sports that is available in all primary schools, secondary schools and higher education.

Weaknesses of Netball

A strength of basketball is that there is plenty of opportunity at foundation level to participate and be educated in the sport to then develop further into participation stage as many basketball coaches visit schools to help get them into the sport if they are not already. This will help make the participation in basketball grow and develop which will hopefully lead to more successful basketball players in the future.

Weaknesses of Basketball

Another strength is that there is loads of clubs available outside of schools for girls to get involved in netball. Meaning that if they do not have a good level of netball available to them at school, they are able to go to a club and develop their skills there.

A weakness of netball could be that when officials talent sport at schools, girls that do not get picked may feel as if they're not good enough which means that participation levels could decrease due to feeling not good enough.

Another strength for basketball is the quality of coaching there is provided at participation, performance and elite stages of the continuum, meaning that players are developing their skills more quickly, meaning that the participation in basketball has increased due to training and clubs that are beneficial to players that have a keen interest in basketball and want to go far in it.

A weakness to this pathway is that players who may not have been playing basketball for long, are able to join a squad (if they get through trials), which could mean that a player who has been successful in basketball since a young age and has always been picked for squads, may not have a place in the squad due to the newer player joining.

Another weakness could be that if netball isn't provided at a good level at school, then players will want to go to an outside club which means that it costs money and they will need to find transport there and back and to competitions.

Lastly, another strength would be that there has been more clubs provide basketball training that start at a younger age of about 8 years and upwards which will helps get the younger generation involved and start at a younger age meaning that their chances of developing would be much quicker than those who had started at the age of 13.

Another weakness would be that some clubs may not have quality coaches that will help them to develop their skills, meaning that this could be a cause of a drop in participation due to the lack of good coaches and clubs available to them.

Weaknesses of Rugby

Another weakness is of the elite stage in basketball pathway that restricts other players from performing at this level is they do not get into an AASE academy, which could be due to the number of places taken on the squad.

A weakness of rugby is that it is a very violent sport which could lead to putting people off from joining it due to the amount of injuries they may gain from taking part in the sport. Also it could mean that players may feel that they are not physically 'strong' enough to participate in rugby, meaning that they would be more at risk of injuring themselves as they would be up against players that may be twice the size of them in muscle which could be another factor to decrease in participation.

Another weakness could be that the sport is very male dominant which can put off females from wanting to take part in the sport as they may feel that they would be labeled as 'butch' or 'masculine' or a 'lesbian'. This could decrease participation of females in rugby as they may feel that the sport belongs to boys only and wouldn't want to get abuse from other players or females calling them names. This could eventually decrease the chances of England's female rugby team from getting any new players due to the lack of females wanting to play rugby or starting from an older age not being able to develop their skills which would not make them good enough to be picked for England's female rugby team.

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