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http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/quantised_world/structure-1.html
The first theory about the atom goes back to Democritus in the year 400bC, he was the first scientist that used the word “atom” that means indivisible.
Thomson’s theory, in another hand, is most credited for the discovery of the electron and isotypes. He was the one who concluded that electrons were small particles with negative charge.
One of the foremost scientists of modern physics made a great contribution to modern physics with his atomic model.
Another theory is attributed to Dalton, who developed an atomic theory in the 1800s.
Another model, named the “Plum pudding model” was proposed by J.J. Thomson in the late 19th century.
The Bohr model shows the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons.
He based his theory in different laws such as laws of gasses, of partial pressures, of conservation of matter, definite proportions, multiple proportions, etc.
This popularly known “plum-pudding model” had to be abandoned (1911) on both theoretical and experimental grounds in favour of the Rutherford atomic model.
Main Points of the Bohr Model:
- Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy.
- The energy of the orbit is related to its size. The lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit.
- Radiation is absorbed or emitted when an electron moves from one orbit to another.
http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2012/07/higgs/
Two groups of experimenters working at the LHC reported that they had clear evidence for the existence of a new subatomic particle and this particle has some of the basic properties predicted for the Higgs boson.
The long-sought particle is the final missing ingredient in the standard model, the general framework that physicists have developed to explain the behavior of all the known sub-atomic particles.
First they needed an atom smasher,his gigantic instrument, which fills a ring-shaped tunnel 17 miles long, accelerates two beams of protons in opposite directions to speeds approaching 99.9999 percent of the speed of light and then smashes them together.
In Rutherford’s model particles orbit a dense center space.
-All the atoms of a particular element are identical to each other and different from the atoms of other elements
-All matter is made of atoms
-Atoms cannot be broken down into anything simpler
-Atoms are rearranged in a chemical reaction
-Dalton's theory was developed and changed as new evidence was discovered.
This scientist believed in a tiny, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is concentrated, around which the light, negative constituents, called electrons.
-Compounds are formed when two or more different kinds of atoms join together
Chadwick’s contribution is acknowledged because of the discovery of the neutrally charged particle called neutron.