Introducing
Your new presentation assistant.
Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.
Trending searches
Sap Suckers!
17
Biology
introduced from Europe
1900 NE US & maritimes
1929 PNW US
1956 Florida
1958 BC
population
control
2-4 generations/yr
OW as nymph
eggs - nymphs - adult
Hosts & Range
general symptoms
S&S
"Balsam" - true firs - Abies
In BC:
- Bg (grand fir)
- Ba (amabilis fir)
- Bl (subalpine fir)
susceptibility vs time of exposure
Damage
homoptera ...
spread & dispersal
reduced increment
stress
reduction of B some areas ...
esp. high elev ...
compounded with loss of whitebark pine
Overview
orders: homoptera, (hemiptera, spider mites)
Balsam Woolly Adelgid
IAB - Adelges piceae
Management
homoptera ...
insecticides - possible at crawler stage ... not feasible
homoptera, so we know ...
- hemimetabolous ... simple-gradual
- young & old compete
- sucking mouth parts
Parthenogenesis
life cycle ...
- quick to mature, several generations/yr
- eggs or live birth
- complex life cycles
- "cloning" - quick
- "sex" - adaptability
Sap
Suckers
Credit: Whitney Peters
Hosts, Range
& Biology
Green Spruce Aphid
IAS
Elatobium abietnum
Hosts & Range
Cooley Spruce
Gall Adelgid
IAG - Adelges cooleyi
coastal BC on Ss (& ornamentals)
Fd <---> S
found throughout the range of hosts
Biology
S & S
the bug
- green with beedy red eyes
- wingless (apterae) winter-spring
- winged (alatae) summer
Damage & Mgmt
S & S
Management
Damage:
- periodic outbreaks on QCI (shoreline)
- growth loss
- stress
- aesthetics (ornamentals)
seed orchard/ nursery/ xmas trees
- predators (limited effect)
- remove galls before emergence
Damage
- nursery/ ornamentals - insecticides, predators
- spp. mgmt - eliminate one
- insecticides
- quarantine in some US states
- thinning mid-crown
- flat top
- snags
BWA Regulation (BC):
- permit to grow Abies
- need to treat for IAB
- quarantine area
- cannot move live trees out of quarantine zone
- movement of cut trees/foliage restricted
parasitoids:
- ichneumonids
- brachonids
- tachinids
Fir
- needles kinked & chlorotic
- "pepper" = exposed, dark nymphs
- white tufts (wooly wax)
adelgids:
- covered: wool/galls
- no cornicles
the tree
- bare inner crown (rather ugly)
aphid ...
outbreaks brief and periodic
older needles (inner crown)
active winter - spring
adelgid: galls & woolly tufts
loss of future cone sites on S (seed orchards)
aesthetics for Fd (Xmas trees)
lower value / loss of sale
- L1 = crawler (+ phototaxis)
- wind
- movement of logs & seedlings
bud scales peeled
Phylloxera
Mgmt:
- in the forest ... nothin'
aphids:
- naked
- cornicles (pheromones)
parthenogenesis
insecticides:
- safers soap
- dormant oils
- pyrethoids
feed on sap ...
- needles/under leaves
- bark / new growth
in the forest ... nothin'
spread/dispersal ...
- winged flight
- wind
- crawling
- herded by ants
gout
species mgmt (plant alternate species)
regulations (quarantine & movement)
mortality
- saliva has toxins
- affects water flow ("drought")
white woolly tufts on bark
aphid: the bug, honeydew ... black sooty mold
sap
Foliage:
- yellow spots
- chlorotic
- drops early
- kinked needles
predators:
- ladybugs
- lacewings
- hover flies
Spruce
- galls (green --> red --> brown) at tips
- separate chambers
some companies
restrict planting of B
predators released (1930's-50's)
- 23 spp. introduced
- 6 can be found
- not effective
- L2-L3, adult wingless & sessile
- feeding stage