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By: Shareef Shaban, Luke Slusarski, Ty Bounds
The fleet of more than 100 nuclear power plants in the United States achieve world record reliability benchmarks, operating annually at more than 90 percent capacity for the last decade. Elsewhere in the world, nuclear power energy production grows, most notably in China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, where more than 28 gigawatts of nuclear power plant capacity was added in the last decade of the century.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster occurred in Ukraine during unauthorized experiments when four pressurized-water reactors overheated, releasing their water coolant as steam. The hydrogen formed by the steam causes two major explosions and a fire, releasing radioactive particles into the atmosphere that drift over much of the European continent. The abandoned city of Chernobyl in Ukraine is abandoned and will remain uninhabited for an extremely long time due to the fact that the nuclear radiation will take years to die off.
Predicted the theory of Meson. Meson is a force manifested by the transfer of particles between neutrons and protons. Yukawa thus changed the atom by discovering the nucleus.
Fermi achieved the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in which neutrons released during the splitting of the atom continue splitting atoms and releasing more neutrons. Fermi and his team of nuclear physicists built a low powered reactor, insulated with graphite.
Ultrasound was first used for clinical purposes in 1956 in Glasgow. Obstetrician Ian Donald and engineer Tom Brown developed the first prototype systems based on an instrument used to detect industrial flaws in ships. Soon after Ultrasound usage exploded and became used all over Europe and in American Hospitals. Today, ultrasounds are being tested as a potential cure for Alzheimers disease.
Rutherford created a nuclear model, discovering the nucleus. Discovered that the atom had protons and electrons, neutrons were discovered later.
The existence of isotopes was discovered in 1913 by the radio-chemist Frederick Soddy, based on studies of radioactive decay chains that indicated about 40 different species referred to as radio-elements.
The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare development between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. The other allies during the Cold war did not nearly develop as many nuclear heads as USSR or the United States of America. There was no use of nuclear warheads on each other (between USSR and the United States of America) at all during the Cold war, although there were many threats.
The USS Nautilus SSN 571, was the world’s first nuclear-powered submarine. The result of the efforts of 300 engineers and technicians working under the direction of Admiral Hyman Rickover, "father of the nuclear navy," it is designed and built by the Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut, and outfitted with a pressurized-water reactor built by the Westinghouse Corporation’s Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory. In 1958 the Nautilus is the first ship to voyage under the North Pole.
The CT scan was invented in 1972 by British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield of EMI Laboratories, England and by South Africa-born physicist Allan Cormack of Tufts University, Massachusetts. A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body. CT scans provide more detailed images than a normal x-ray.
Proca was a Romanian physicist who studied and worked in France, he didn't become a french citizen until 1931. He developed the vector meson theory of nuclear forces and the relativistic quantum field equations.
Proca's Action Equation Below
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Ivy Mike was the first hydrogen bomb tested by American Scientists, it was tested on Marshall Islands. Ivy Mike had a massive explosive yield of 10.4 megatons, nearly 700 times the explosive power of the weapon dropped on Hiroshima seven years earlier. Ivy Mike set the infamous record of the largest explosion until then and would be the fourth largest U.S. nuclear test ever conducted.
After the attack on pearl harbor the United States of America dropped two atomic bombs to force the Japanese to surrender. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, an important army depot and port of embarkation, and the second on Nagasaki, a coastal city where the Mitsubishi torpedoes used in the attack on Pearl Harbor were made.
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The Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within your body. The development of the MRI took advantage of all the nuclear advancements achieved in order to make it possible. MRI's are frequently used for body scans to detect irregularity and in some cases detect cancer to save lives.
The U.S. Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program pioneered new materials and developed improved material fabrication techniques, radiological control, and quality control standards.
English physicist James Chadwick exposed the metal beryllium to alpha particles and discovers the neutron in the atom. A neutron is one of the three subatomic particles, which include Protons, Electrons, and as well Neutrons. Unlike Elections and Protons, Neutrons are NOT charged! Chadwick's work followed that of Ernest Rutherford, who demonstrated the existence of protons in 1919. Chadwick also studied an isotope of hydrogen, known as deuterium, which was used in nuclear reactions.
The nuclear facility at Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, had a major failure when a water pump in the secondary cooling system of the Unit 2 pressurized-water reactor malfunctioned. A jammed relief valve then causes a buildup of heat, resulting in a partial meltdown of the core but only a small release of radioactive material into the atmosphere.
British physicist John Cockcroft teams with Ernest Walton to split the atom with protons accelerated to high speeds.
German born physicist Albert Einstein delivers his theory of relativity. Stating that the laws of nature are the same for all observers and that the speed of light is not dependent on the motion of its source. His most famous work was his equation E=Mc^2, which translates to energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of light squared, demonstrating that mass can be converted into energy.
The U.S. Army’s top-secret atomic energy program, known as the Manhattan Project, employs scientists under the direction of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, to develop the first transportable atomic bomb. Other Manhattan Project teams at Hanford, Washington, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee, produce the plutonium and uranium-235 necessary for nuclear fission.
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