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CHEMISTRY MIND MAP

UNIT #06: Matter

Matter

UNIT #08: Ionic Compounds

Atomic Theory Supports the Periodic Table

4 points of the particle theory:

- All matter is composed of very tiny objects called particles

- All particles have spaces between them

- Particles present in matter are always in motion

- The particles in a substance attract each other

Element: a substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance

Compound: a pure substance that is made from two or more elements that are combined together chemically

Homogenous mixture: one substance is dissolved in another, where all parts of the homogenous mixture looks the same

Heterogeneous mixture: a mixture in which the different parts are visible

Physical and Chemical Properties

- Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus; electrons are located in energy shells surrounding the nucleus

- From the atomic number, we can see how many protons an element has.

- The number of protons and the number of electrons are the same in all atoms so charges are balanced

- The outermost shell is called the valance shell

- Electrons in the valence shell are called valence electrons

- Going down a group: they all have the same amount of valence electrons (they stay the same)

- Going across a period: they all increase by 1 electron with each element

-Ions are formed from atoms that gain/lose electrons

- Ionic compounds are substances made up of at least one metal and one non-metal

- Metal = positive ion

- Non-metal = negative ion

Properties of ionic compounds: high melting points, form crystals, dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity

Physical property: a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured

Chemical property: describes the ability of a substance to change into a new substance(s)

Physical change: the substances involved remain the same substances, even though there may be a change in state or form

6 different types of evidence of chemical change: change of colour, smells differently (odour), temperature change, production of light, formation of a new solid in a liquid, production of a new gas

Combustibility: the ability of a substance to react quickly with oxygen to produce heat and light

UNIT #07: The Atom

The Elements

Atomic Theory

- Elements classified as metals, non-metals, metalloids

Alloy: a mixture of two or more metals

Properties of elements:

Metals - Shiny & silver or grey in colour. Malleable and one of the best conductors in electricity

Non-Metals - Does not conduct electricity, not shiny. Reactive and will burn in air to produce a poisonous gas

Metalloids - Does not conduct electricity AS WELL as metal. Shiny and grey, but is brittle

4 points about atoms explained by John Dalton:

- All matter is made of small indivisible particles called atoms

- All the atoms of an element are identical in properties such as size and mass

-Atoms of different elements have different properties

-Atoms of different elements can combine in specific ways to form new substances

-The nucleus is located in the centre of the atom (positive charge)

- Neutrons are the neutral particles in the nucleus

-Electrons are arranged around a nucleus by having specific energy levels (shells); jumping between these shells by gaining/losing electrons

-Maximum amount of electrons in first shell: 2

- Maximum amount of electrons in every other shell: 8

-Atoms contain 3 subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, electrons

- Protons and neutrons located within the nucleus

- Electrons are in energy levels surrounding the nucleus

Introducing the Periodic Table

- Atomic number = number of protons in an atom of an element

- Atomic mass = the average mass of an element's atoms

- Elements become positive ions by losing electrons

- Elements become negative ions by gaining electrons

Period = horizontal row

Group = vertical row

Isabelle Pardinas

TA: Chan #19

SNC1D1-05

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