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Forces, Stress & Types of Faults

By Jenna Gendreau, Ben Kelley & Jenifer Collins

Three types of stress:

  • Tension - the force that pulls on the crust, stretching rock so it becomes thinner in the middle. Tension occurs where two plates are moving apart.

  • Compression - the force that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks. One plate pushing against another can compress rock.

  • Shearing - the force that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions, causing rock to break and slip apart to change its shape.

Stress

A force that acts on rock to change its shape or form. There are three types of stress.

Three Types of Fault

Three Types of Faults

  • Reverse faults - places where the crust is pushed together. Reverse faults has the same structure as a normal fault, but the blocks move in opposite directions.

  • Normal faults - tension in Earth's crust pulling rock apart. The fault is at an angle, so one block of rock lies above the fault, while the other block of rock lies below the fault.

  • Strike-slip faults - shearing creates strike-slip faults. It's when rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways. A strike-slip fault forms at a transform boundary.

Faults

A fault forms when enough stress builds up in the rock causing the rock to break. There are three types.

Folding Earth's Crust

Changing Earth's Surface

  • Anticline - a fold in a rock that bends upwards into an arch.

  • Syncline - a fold in rock that bends downward.

Earth can change by folding, stretching and uplifting.

Stretching Earth's Surface

When two normal faults are parallel to each other, a block of rock is lying between them. As both hanging walls slips downward, the block in between moves upward, forming a fault-block mountain.

Uplifting Earth's crust

Citations

Info:

  • Jenner, Jan, Michael J. Padilla, Ioannis Miaoulis, and Martha Cyr. <i>Prentice Hall Earth Science</i>. Needham, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. Print.

Pictures:

  • http://www.sms-tsunami-warning.com/pages/fault-lines#.VnCKroThib8
  • https://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=GC35XTR&title=whiskeytowns-glory&guid=d855ab2d-f466-409a-a21d-7b4d2c9a0806

The forces that raise mountains can also uplift, or, raise plateaus. Some plateaus form when forces in Earth's crust pushes up a large, flat block of rock.

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