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Feedback in Sports Coaching
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Feedback in Sports Coaching
Types of Extrinsic Feedback
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There are two main categories:
- Knowledge of Performance (KP) - Information about the technique and performance. This can be provided verbally from the coach, visually via video or written.
This enables the athlete to establish a kinaesthetic reference for the correct movement. e.g. an analysis of the sprinter's action
- Knowledge of Results (KR) - Information with regards the result of the athlete's performance e.g. the sprinter's 100 metre time.
Positive & Negative
- Positive Feedback - Used to inform the athlete as to what was correct about the movement. Athletes need to know if a movement is correct as this provides the reference point for future execution of the movement. Positive feedback is essential in motivating athletes.
- Negative Feedback - Used to inform the athlete as to what was incorrect about the movement. Negative feedback must include information on the action(s) required by the athlete to achieve the correct movement.
Types Of Feedback
Terminal & Concurrent
- Terminal Feedback - Information provided to the athlete before or after the performance.
- Concurrent Feedback - Information provided to the athlete during the performance.
- Intrinsic Feedback - Information received by the athlete as a direct result of producing a movement through the kinaesthetic senses - also known as 'muscle memory' and is the awareness of our own movement.
This comes from proprioceptors, which are sensory receptors that respond to position and movement.
- Extrinsic feedback - Information not inherent in the movement itself but which improves intrinsic feedback. This is also known as augmented feedback.
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