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The History of Sunscreen

Molecular Structure and Chemical Compound

Why is this chemical Ideal? What makes this chemical hazardous?

Sunscreen has been around since the 1930's. Milton Blake a south Australian Chemist was one of the first people to create a sun burn cream. Six years after the invention of the sun burn cream the founder of L'Oreal company Eugene Schueller came out with the first sunscreen. Shortly after that the well known chemist named Franz Greiter created the Gletscher Creme or Glacier Cream. Not only did he make this sunscreen but he also created something known as the sun protection factor which is the SPF in sunscreen. After the sunscreen began being used world wide, many other chemists experimented to create a new sunscreen. Benjamin Green was a chemist who came up with a sunscreen called Red Vet Pet and later sold it as "Coppertone Girl" in the early 50's. 1980 was the year Coppertone evolved the very first UVA/UVB sunscreen. Since we could not find the history of octinoxate we believe that it's first appearance was in 1980 because it is a chemical that absorbs UVA/UVB rays.

Octinoxate is one of the main ingredients in sunscreen. It is also found in other products such as, lipstick, skin foundations, lip balms and moisturizers. Octinoxate "serves as an ultraviolet light absorber and a filter of UV rays," which means it absorbs UVB and some UVA rays protecting the skin.

How its Made: "To make octinoxate, scientists mix sulfuric acid with methanol, a petroleum by-product. When heat is applied to this mixture, the ingredients undergo a permanent chemical reaction, resulting in a compound which is insoluble in water. This compound, known by the scientific name ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, is more commonly referred to as octinoxate."

Products that contain Octinoxate

Physical and Chemical properties of Octinoxate (Octyl methoxycinnamte)

Sunscreen SPF 15 and above- Neutrogena sunblock lotion SPF 45, CVS sunblock continuous spray SPF 30, Hawiian Tropic Sunblock SPF 45

Foundation with SPF- L'Oreal True Match Roller SPF 25, The Body Shop Flawless Skin Protecting Foundation SPF 25

Lipstick with SPF- L'Oreal Color Riche Lipstick SPF 15

Lip Balm with SPF- Laura Mercier Lip Balm SPF 15, Nivea A Kiss of Smoothness Hydrating Lip Care SPF 4

Moisturizer with SPF- Clean And Clear Morning Glow Moisturizer SPF 15, Neutrogena Moisture Facial Moisturizer SPF 15, Olay Complete All Day Moisturizer Lotion UV Defense SPF 15

Facial Moisturizer/Treatment- L'Oreal Visible Lift Serum Absolute Advanced Age-Reversing Makeup SPF 17, Yves Saint Lauent PURENESS Rinse-Off Instant Foam

Facial powder-Oil Of Olay Loose Powder, Cover Girl Trublend Pressed Minerals Foundation, L'Oreal Free Natural SPF 15

Eye shadow-Avon Eyeshadow Trio, Avon In A Wink Instant Eyeshadow sheets- Glow Bronze

Concealer- Cover Girl Advance Radiance SPF10, Maybelline Revitalizing Concealer

Molecular Formula: C18H26O3

Average mass: 290.397186

UVB rays: "Cause sunburn and can tan your skin. UVB rays are the main culprit when it comes to skin cancer."

FDA's standpoint on octinoxate

UVA rays: "Penetrate your skin more deeply than UVB rays. UVA rays can cause skin cancer, also, prolonged exposure cracks and shrinks the collagen and elastin in your skin, which is why UVA rays are responsible for signs of aging including wrinkles, saggy and leathery skin, and suns spots."

The FDA approved that Octyl Methoxycinnamate is safe when the limit of the chemical in sunscreen is 2-7.5%

FDA approved the name changed to Octinoxate in 2003.

Octinoxate in other countries

We couldn't find a lot of information on octinoxate in other countries. We briefly saw that it was banned in Japan but couldn't find any other information besides this quote "Based on Japan’s Standards for Cosmetics, octinoxates use is restricted in cosmetics and subject to concentration limits and manufacturing restrictions in some types of cosmetics."

Scientific Studies

We also found that "European Commission’s Scientific Committee for Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products no longer allows sunscreen ingredients that have estrogenic effects."

There has been much controversy regarding the question: Does sunscreen cause cancer? Octinoxate is the main ingredient in sunscreen therefore it would need to be reviewed closely. Tests on lab mice have proven that when mice/rats digested octinoxate it caused cancer. Other scientists argue that octinoxate does not cause cancer because the amount digested in mice/rats was a significantly larger amount than what a human would put on their skin.

In one study, conducted in 2004 by researchers at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, found evidence of endocrine disruption activity in rats fed octinoxate but did not find a link to cancer.

Knowing what UVB and UVA rays are make octinoxate ideal because it protects your skin from the damages of the suns rays.

In conclusion octinoxate needs to be investigated more in labs because some researchers believe that it does cause cancer while others are opposed.

Health Concerns

Octinoxate has both affected the outside of the body as well as inside the tissue and organs. If octinoxate is applied to the skin the chemical can cause contact dermatitis, acne, rashes, and skin irritation. The chemical poses as a greater health risk when it is absorbed through the skin.

When absorbed through the skin, octinoxate can lead to reproductive and developmental toxicity. Researchers were concerned after testing octinoxate on mice/rats because cells were showing signs of mutation. The cells were becoming mutated and in some cases even dying because octinoxate has an estrogenic effect. Not only that but the lab animals had disrupted thyroid function and brain signaling. Octinoxate poses as a greater health risk in pregnant women and children because of the estrogen effects. It is advised that octinoxate is kept out of reach of children.

Though it absorbs the UVA and UVB rays when it is applied to the skin it can remain in the tissue for years causing problems within the body.

In some rare cases octinoxate is also known to damage the immune system. This would be life threatening because if the immune system is damaged it impairs a person's ability to fight disease and repair tissue damage.

When using octinoxate people must also take into consideration that this chemical- when absorbed through skin-can stay in the tissue years after it was applied.

An effort to bring the health issues to light

The article “Is Your Sunscreen Doing More Harm Than Good?”

by M Schlumpf, December 2004

"While chemicals can protect us from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays, research strongly suggests that at certain exposure levels, some of the chemicals in some sunscreen products may cause cancer in people. Octinoxate is one of the many chemicals considered hormone disruptors. Hormone disruptors can affect how estrogen and other hormones act in the body, by blocking them or mimicking them, which throws off the body's hormonal balance. Because estrogen can make hormone-receptor breast cancer can develop and grow, so many women choose to limit their exposure to these chemicals."

In this article the author stated that octinoxate can potentially cause cancer. This is an attempt to warn people of the dangerous affects the chemical can have on the body. Other articles disagree with this one stating that octinoxate does not cause cancer.

Ethical Issues

Octinoxate has been tested on animals such as: mice and rats. Scientists would make the animals eat the chemical and observe the effects the chemical had on the mice/rats body. There wasn't any information on how often the chemical was fed to them but we did find that they would give more octinoxate to them than what we would apply on our skin.

Safe alternatives

Work Cited

http://www.goodguide.com/ingredients/273508-octinoxate

http://www.skininc.com/skinscience/ingredients/160839235.html

http://blog.reneerouleau.com/2012/06/does-sunscreen-cause-cancer/

http://www.brighthub.com/environment/green-living/articles/71213.aspx

http://www.naturalnews.com/032902_sunscreens_toxic_chemicals.html#ixzz2DWt9HIrr

http://www.skininc.com/skinscience/ingredients/160839235.html

http://EzineArticles.com/6294296

Sunscreen- Burts Bees Baby Bee's SPF 30, Dermablend Leg and Body Cover With SPF 15, Badger SPF 30+

Lip Balm- ChapStick Lip Balm, Burt's Bee's Lip Balm, CVS Chap-Block Lip Balm

Lipstick- Neutrogena Advanced Solutions Lip Rejuvenating Treatment, Yves Saint Laurent Pure Color Lipstick

Eye shadow- Sephora Collection Colorful Mono Eyeshadow

Concealer- Deremblend Cover Cream, Gourment Bod Treats Gourmet Cream Concealer Ivory, L'Oreal Infallible Never Fail Concealer

These products do not contain octinoxate and other chemicals that pose as a health hazard.

Physical properties: Practically odourless, pale yellow, slightly oily liquid.

Chemical properties: Boiling point 198 -200'C (3mm)

Solubility: Miscible in achohols, propylene glycol monomyristate, and various oils, insoluble in water.

Stability: Stable to light and remains essentially unchanged on exposure to moderate heat.

Octinoxate

(Octyl Methoxycinnamate)

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