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NATURE,TYPE AND SOURCES OF STRESS

The word stress has its origin in the Latin words ‘strictus’ , meaning tight or narrow and ‘stringere’, the verb meaning to tighten.

HANS SELYE

Hans Selye defined stress as “ The non-specific response of the body to any demand ” that is , regardless of the cause of the threat , the individual will respond with the same physiological pattern of reactions.

TYPES OF APPRAISAL

Lazarus has distinguished between two types of appraisal. i.e.

1.Primary

2.Secondary .

These appraisals depend on many factors .

1.Past Experiences

2.Controllable

The hypothalamus initiates action along two pathways

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STRESS

EUSTRESS

Describe the next steps

  • Eustress is the term used to describe the level of stress that is good for you and is one of a person’s best assets for achieving peak performance and managing minor crisis.
  • Eustress however has the potential of turning into Distress . In this latter manifestation of stress that causes our body’s wear and tear .
  • All the challenges, problems, and difficult circumstances put us to stress.
  • Stress is like electricity. It gives energy, increases human arousal and affects performance. However, if the electric current is too high,it can fuse bulbs, damage appliances, etc.
  • High stress too can produce unpleasant affects and cause our performance to deteriorate.

NATURE OF STRESS

The way we respond to stress varies depending upon our personality, early upbringing and life experiences.

Everyone has their own pattern of stress response.

Some of us know our pattern of stress response and can gauge the depth of the problem by the nature and severity of our own symptoms or changes in behavior.

Stress is often explained in terms of characteristics of the environment that are disruptive to the individual .

Stressors are events that cause our body to give the stress response . Eg: noise , crawling , a bad relationship… etc.

The reaction to external stressors is known as Strain

These symptoms of stress can be physical, emotional and behavioral.

Any of the symptoms can indicate a degree of stress which, if left resolved, might have serious implications.

PRIMARY APPRAISAL

SECONDARY APPRAISAL

refers to the perception of a new or changing environment as positive , neutral or negative in its consequences.

Negative events are those that are appraised for their possible harm , threat or challenge . Harm is the assessment of the damage that has already been done by an event. Threat is the assessment of possible future damage that may be brought by the event . Challenge appraisals are associated with more confident expectations of the ability to cope with the stressful event , the potential to overcome and even profit from the event .

is the assessment of one’s coping abilities and resources and whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm , threat or challenge of the event . It maybe mental , physical , personal or social. If one thinks one has a positive attitude , social support and health skills to deal with the crises she/he will feel less stressed .

This two-level appraisal process determines not only our cognitive and behavioural responses but also our emotional and physiological responses to external events.

One factor is the Past Experiences of dealing with such a stressful condition. If one has handled similar situations very successfully in the past, they would be less threatening for him/her .

Another factor is whether the stressful event is perceived as Controllable ,i.e. whether one has mastery or control over a situation.

The first pathway involves the autonomic nervous system . The adrenal gland releases large amount of catecholamines into the blood stream. This leads to physiological changes seen in fight-or-fight response.

The second pathway involves the pituitary gland , which secretes the corticosteroid which provides energy

The stresses which people experience also vary in terms of Intensity ( low intensity vs. high intensity) , Duration ( short-term vs. long-term) and Predictability ( unexpected vs. predictable)

An individual’s experiences of stress depend on the physiological strength of that person. Thus , individuals with poor physical health and weak constitution would be more vulnerable than would be those who enjoy good health and strong constitution.

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