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Tracing their descent from Muhammad's clan, and in particular from his grandson Hasan, the Hashemites served as hereditary emirs of Mecca all the way through the Ottoman Empire. Upon its dissolution, the sons of the Hashemite Emir Husayn iba Ali became kings of Iraq and Jordan.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Hashemite_Tree_2.PNG
Umayyads
Caliph
Sunni-Shi'a Divide
Imam
Abbasids
Safavids
Ottomans
Hashemites
Alawites
Muslim World
Middle East
Arab World
Colonialism and the Mandate System
Wahhabism & ibn Saud
Arab Nationalism
Iranian Revolution
Islamists
Arab Spring
Shi'ites of mixed Kurdish and Turkish ancestry claim descent from Muhammad and install Shi'ism as the religion of their Persian Empire. Sets the stage for Iran's status as the center of Shi'ism in the contemporary era.
The Ottoman Empire began crumbling in the 19th Century, ultimately breaking apart completely after WWI.
After Baghdad fell to the Mongols in 1258, the local Seljuk Turks set up an independent sultanate in Asia minor. In 1301, Uthman, an Uzbek, overthrew the Seljuk sultan and founded the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans expanded out of Asia minor and eventually conquered Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul and governing a massive territory all the way through WWI.
1453 - Ottomans capture Constantinople and rename it "Istanbul"
Shi'ite Caliphate based in North Africa and Egypt. Its rulers were descended from Muhammad's daughter Fatima (through her son Hussein and his son Ali). The first caliph was Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, 9th-great-grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, who proclaimed himself imam in the Ismaili tradition.
After the Abbasids massacred his relatives, an Umayyad survivor took control of Islamic Iberia. His descendants would create a flourishing civilization in Al'Andalus.
Descendants of Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas proclaim the Abbasid Dynasty and overthrow the Umayyads with the support of Shi'ite Arabs, Persians, and other disaffected factions. They moved the capital to Baghdad. Some regions, such as Spain, Egypt, and other parts of North Africa, remain under the independent control of different caliphs. Our reading on Muhammad, Islam, and the World referred to the "Golden Age" of Abbasid Islamic civilization, and noted the development of Sharia law under their rule.
The Umayyad Caliphs centralize power in Damascus after Muhammad's death, expanding Islam into Central Asia, across North Africa, and into Iberia. Arabic was established as the language of government under the Umayyads.
Shi'a
Sunni
Umayyads
Mughals
Hashemites
Most Muslim countries
The Saudis (Wahhabis)
Al-Qaeda
Fatimids: North Africa, 909-1171
Safavids – Persia, 1501-1736
Iran
Alawites in Syria
Hezbollah (in Lebanon)
Following the Battle of Karbala, Muslims are divided between Sunni and Shi'ite factions.
Muhammad unified most of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam by the time of his death.