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The Berlin Wall was built in August 13th 1961.
It was constantly modified and reinforced until
it was taken down 28 years later, having costed
the lives of at least 136 people who tried to get accross it. There were guards at the wall 24/7 to ensure that people couldn't climb under it or smash through it. Although some people went through the sewers.
BUT WHY???
It was built because more than
2.6 East Germans escaped to
West Berlin in 1949-1961. Many
people had to suffer repressions of the communist system or wanted to live a better life in the west. The East German government saw no other way to prevent people from escaping to the West via Berlin than to close the border between East and West Berlin on August 13, 1961.
Four years after the United States exploded the first atomic bomb, the Soviet Union tested their own. With this, the arms race between America and the Soviet Union began. The arms race was a cycle of military buildup. When one nation (usually the United States) developed a new military technology or increased its number of nuclear weapons, the other would catch up. Once this nation matched its opponent's capabilities, the first nation would start the cycle again in order to ensure their security.
The U.S and the Soviet Union both wanted to
show their power. A space race gave them the perfect opportunity to their scientific and technological capibilities.
WHAT NEXT???
Then the Russians sent the first orbiting satalite into space it was called Sputnik I. Then a month later on November 3th Sputnik II was launched into space with a living creature inside wich was a dog called Laika. On January 31st the following year the U.S launched its first satilite Explorer I.
Guerrilla warfare was a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting of small bands using tactics such as sudden ambushes. It also usually involves fighting men who are not identified by uniform or any insignia. This makes it difficult to know who is an enemy and leads to killing of innocent people. Resistance movements and 'liberation armies' often used guerrilla tactics.
(cc) image by jantik on Flickr
On 4th October, Russia launched the first satellite into space; Sputnik 1, and the space age had properly begun!
Sputnik was the first satellite in orbit around the earth. Today there are over 500 working satellites in space. Sputnik means "Satellite" in Russian.
Both American and Russian scientists were in a race to get a spacecraft to the Moon; the Russians made it first.
Space-probe Luna 2 crash-landed into the moon at a speed that would kill an astronaut if one had been travelling in it! It was ten more years until a human visited the moon's surface.
On 12th April, Russian Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space. Gagarin's spacecraft, Vostok 1, completed one orbit of the earth, and landed about two hours after launch.
Gagarin had to bail out and land using his parachute, because the Vostok 1 was designed to crash land!
Albert II, was the first monkey in space. He was a Rhesus monkey, a type of monkey that originally comes from Asia.
Albert went into space on 14th June, 1949 in a specially adapted American V2 rocket, that flew to a height of 83 miles from earth.
In November, the Russian space dog Laika became the first animal to orbit the earth.
Laika travelled in a spacecraft known as Sputnik 2. Laika means "Barker" in Russian, and her mission helped scientists understand whether people could survive in space.
The first woman in space was Russian cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova.
After her 1963 mission, Valentina became an important member of the Russian Government, and has been awarded many honours and prizes for her achievements. A crater on the far side of the Moon is named after her!
The first animals were launched into space. Fruit flies were used to study the effects of space travel on animals, and were chosen because they are more similar to humans than you might imagine!
The flies travelled with a supply of corn to eat on the flight.
The German V2 was the first rocket to reach 100km from the Earth’s surface (the boundary of space).
The rocket was designed by Wernher Von Braun, who later worked with NASA as the creator of the rockets that went to the moon.
(cc) image by jantik on Flickr