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Plant Reproduction

INTRODUCTION:

>Discusses the Plant Reproduction.

>Presents both the Sexual and Asexual Types of Reproduction of the Flowering Plants.

>Discusses the different types of Vegetative Reproduction.

>Present the different stages of Sexual Reproduction.

LESSON PROPER:

Reproduction

-the ability of organism to replicate oneself.

-in plants is either(sexual or asexual)

Sexual Reproduction

-involves union of sex sells or gametes to form a

fertilized egg or zygote.

-there is a genetic recombination thus results in offspring genetically different from the parents.

Zygote

-develops into a new organism or offspring.

Asexual Reproduction

-Is the formation of offspring without sex cells or gametes.

-Results to offspring that are genetically identical with the parents except for those that undergo mutation.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION

sexual reproduction

stamen is the male part and contains pollen

carpels or pistil is the female part and contains ovule (eggs)

pollen grains from the anther are transferred to the stigma by the process of pollination

self pollination (plant pollinates its own eggs)

cross pollination (pollen from one plant pollinates another plants eggs)

(mentioned earlier)Formation of new plants from the cells of a parent plant.

Flowering Plant

-almost every cell of this is capable of generating the entire plant.

Pollination

flowers are designed to lure insects to help with the pollination process

also wind, animals, birds can transport pollen

> Anther splits open when the pollen are mature

> Pollen are carried to the stigma by wind, water, or animals. THIS is pollination

> Plant reproduction is most successful when pollination rates are high.

> Sexual reproduction, which results in greater genetic diversity (good for the species survival)

Pollen germination

once the pollen grain reaches and lands on the stigma, it absorb liquid and germinates.

DOUBLE FERTILIZATION

> Pollen is carried to the stigma in pollination

> A pollen grain grows a tube down the style to the ovary

> Two sperm travel down the tube

> In a process called double fertilization, one of the sperm fertilizes the egg and the other unites with the central cell, forming an endosperm (which becomes food storage tissue)

Undifferentiated Parenchyma Cells

>new plants arises, witch develop into buds that produce roots and shoots before or after separating from the parent.

Leaves, Stems, and Roots

-propagated new plants comes from.

SEED GERMINATION

> At maturity, seed coat dries and hardens, enabling it to survive harsh conditions

> Once conditions are favorable, seed germinates (develops into an embryo) and grows into a new plant.

Vegetative Reproduction

-A propagating plants from leaves stems and roots.

-Common type of asexual reproduction in plants.

-Can either be natural or artificial.

FRUITS AND SEEDS

> Following fertilization, the ovary develops into a fruit with seeds inside, while the rest of the flower dies

> Fruits help protect the seeds until they mature and help scatter seeds into new habitats

> Fruits are the part of the plant that contains seeds: cucumbers, maple “helicopters”, green peppers, squash are all fruits.

A picture of Kalanchoe showing plantlets along margin.

3. Vegetation Propagation by Leaves

-plants develop new plants from the leaves.

-e.g. Kalanchoe or katakataka.

-mitosis at meristems along the leafs margins produce tiny plantlets.

-these plantlets have tiny leaves, stems, and roots that fall off the leaf and continue to grow into the ground into a new plant.

Runners

-are stems that grow horizontally above the ground.

-they have nodes where buds are formed

(these buds grow into a new plant.)

Natural Vegetative Reproduction

-typically involves structural modifications of the stem, leaves,and roots.(observed in Herbaceous and woody perennial plants)

2.Vegetative Propagation by Stems

-have undeveloped shoots or buds on them.

-e.g. potato, rhizome of ginger, corm of Gabi or taro

and suckers of banana.(have underground stems)

-runner of strawberries( have stems above the ground were new plants formed.)

The Natural Vegetative Reproduction of Plants:

1.Vegetative Propagation by Roots.

-may give rise to new plants.

-e.g. (root of the sweet potato)

>Sweet potatoes are made to germinate

adventitious

> shoots in most soil.

These shoots develop roots and may then

be detached to form new plants.

Internodes

Runner

Bud

Main plant

bud

FRUITS AND SEEDS

> One or two cotyledons forms, which form leaves that will be used by the germinating seedling

> Food is derived from the Endosperm

> Thus, the seed is an undeveloped plant embryo with stored food and protective coats

2.Grafting

-involves two plants.

-used to develop a new plant with combined traits the two parents plants.

-the scion is attached to the stocks which is the rooted(called the stock and bud or shoot being grafted) part of the second plant.

Artificial or Man-made vegetative reproduction

-involve enhancements of natural processes.

-may range from a simple cutting to a laboratory tissue culture.

The following Examples:

1.Cutting

-part(usually the shoot with leaves) of the plant is cut off of the parent plant.

-new roots and leaves will grow from the cut part.

3.Layering

-a shoot of a parent plant is bent until it can be covered by soil.

-the tip of the shoot remains above ground.

-new roots develop from the part that touched the ground and eventually grows into a new plant.

-these plants can be separated and grow separately.

4.Tissue Culture

-done in the laboratory.

-a single plant is taken from the plant and placed in an artificial environment.

-then induced to divide and grow into complete plants.

-the cells are then provided with plant 'hormones’ which induce cell division and, eventually the formation of roots, stems, and leaves.

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