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Key Players in the English reformation

Erasmus was actually very loyal to Catholicism, unlike Luther. He was a renaissance humanist who disagreed with elements of the catholic church.

Like the ideas of Luther, his humanist ideologies spread to England and many were influenced by them. With Erasmus more so than Luther, it created only question in peoples minds about the clergy. He wasn't extremely radical, but his influence was significant.

Luther’s ideas were well known and disputed within England

Many within court, at the time when Henry was trying to gain his annulment, had been influenced by Lutheran evangelicalism. They became hostile to the ideas of Rome and Thomas Cromwell was a prime example of such courtiers.

Erasmus supported protestant ideals, but he was against the radicalism of many of the champions of reform.

Luther’s ideas threatened the Catholic system of repenting which was rife in England. Most of the population of England had been conforming to the indulgences offered by priests.

So what was Erasmus' role in the reformation?

He then went into hiding and married a former nun. In 1534, he published a bible translated into German.

It was advantageous for Henry, in light of his position in having to divorce Catherine and the Pope in the hands of Charles, to reform the Church. Through the Royal Supremacy, he could gain more power for himself, take influence away from Rome and benefit himself economically.

Despite the catholic church excluding him from all proceedings, his ideas spread quickly throughout Europe. His perspective on Christianity was especially significant within England, in the years leading up to and during the reformation...

Martin Luther’s origins were very humble. Born in 1483 in Germany, he studied theology at university. He joined a monastic order in 1505 and became an Augustinian friar. He later visited Rome in 1510 on behalf of some Augustinian monasteries and was appalled by the corruption he found.

In January 1521, the Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. He was then summoned to appear at the Diet of Worms, an assembly of the Holy Roman Empire. He refused to recant and Emperor Charles V declared him an outlaw.

Luther’s later translation of the Bible also had influence in England. It had been done before in England but the Catholic faith meant that Latin was dominant. However, most of the population of England struggled with English, never mind Latin. The reformation eventually made Christianity much more accessible to everyone, not just the well educated.

On the Freedom of the Christian Man:

  • Luther claimed that all men were equal before god.

Erasmus' work greatly influenced John Calvin - an prominent humanist. Erasmus also had many disputes with Luther despite them both having issues with the catholic church.

Babylonian captivity of the church:

  • He suggested that the Clergy of the catholic church had stolen the spiritual experience of the people and he was going to get it back.

Many members of the clergy sold ‘indulgences’

Erasmus also translated the new testament into Greek. This gave new insight into interpretation of scripture and religion. He promoted the spread of classical knowledge to:

  • encourage a better morality
  • give a greater understanding of the christian teachings to the people

Luther released a series of pamphlets in 15190-20...

Address to the Nobility of the German Nation:

  • He wrote the the German nobles suggesting to get rid of the Italian pope.

This belief turned him against many of the major teachings of the catholic church

These promised reduced punishments for sin for the living or the dead who were thought to be in purgatory.

From his findings upon visiting Rome, he published his “95 Theses” which attacked papal abuses and the sale of indulgences.

Desiderius Erasmus was born in Rotterdam in 1466, he was the son of a priest and he was educated in classical Latin. In 1492, he was ordained a Catholic priest, but it seems that he never actively worked as one. . Erasmus's life changed when he became secretary for the bishop of Chambray, who was impressed with his skill in Latin. The bishop enabled Erasmus to travel to Paris, France, to study classical literature and Latin, and it was there that he was introduced to Renaissance humanism.

Erasmus began teaching at theology at Cambridge in the early 1500's. During this time he wrote "The Praise of Folly" whilst staying with Thomas More...

  • What he wrote mocked society in general
  • He also highlighted the abuses within the church and criticised the hypocrisy of the clergy

Luther came to believe that Christian were actually saved through their own faith in God, not their own efforts to be purified for money.

He anonymously published "Julius exclusus" in which he criticised the Pope Julius for waging war with Bologna.

The 95 Theses basically claimed that:

  • The pope had no power over purgatory, and shouldn't promise what he couldn't deliver to finance things such as the construction of churches.
  • Letting people buy indulgences gives them a false sense of security and endangers their salvation

Erasmus later visited England and met figures that influenced him greatly, such as Thomas More and John Colet. He also met many humanist who were studying biblical scriptures. His interest in the greek language grew and he began to learn the language.

Erasmus

Martin Luther

HENRY viii breaks with Rome

Erasmus' Greek new testament

1517

1527-34

1516

Luther's '95 THESES'

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