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Avro Arrow

St. Lawrence Seaway

Baby Boomers

  • Between 1946-1964 the birth rate went up significantly.
  • Canada became a youth-centered society in the fifties.
  • Canadian society was geared towards this massive age group. For example:

1) 1960s universities prepared for high enrollment

2) Demand for and price of homes increased.

  • Baby boomers had a different mentality than their parents. Protested unethical decisions, rock and roll, use of drugs, moved to the suburbs.

How did society change as a result of baby boomers in the past? Now in the present?

Assassinations

Today's Agenda

Credibility Gap

  • public suspicion that there was a significant "gap" between the government's statements and reality. Ex. Vietnam War
  • public addresses would disclose minimum details of the war to the American public
  • John F. Kennedy: 22 Nov. 1963, JFK is shot dead during political campaigning.
  • Robert F. Kennedy, 1968: After winning the state of California, RFK was shot after giving his victory speech.
  • Martin Luther King, 1968: Nobel Peace Prize Winner (like Pearson)
  • Very educated and great speaker.
  • Led civil rights movement against the injustices and inequalities faced by the black population.

1) Baby boomers and a changing society.

2) Mistrust of Leadership: Vietnam War, Watergate Scandal.

3) Assassinations of key figures.

4) Canadian achievements: Avro Arrow and St. Lawrence Seaway.

Watergate Scandal:

  • “Watergate” complex web of political scandals between 1972 and 1974.
  • massive campaign of political spying and sabotage conducted on behalf of the Nixon reelection effort
  • Created to protect Canada by PM St.Laurent
  • Began 1953- first test flight March 1958
  • Newest technology: fastest plane EVER thus source of national pride
  • Scrapped by Diefenbaker February 1959; greatest mistake politically
  • Completed in 1959 with assistance of US; cost Canada $336 million.
  • Extensive system of locks and canals that allowed cargo ships to move natural resources and manufactured goods halfway across Canada, from Halifax to Thunderbay.
  • Provided hydro-electric power for Canada's growing industries and new communities.
  • World's largest inland navigation system

http://www.cbc.ca/archives/topic/the-avro-arrow-canadas-broken-dream

http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/remembering-the-death-of-the-avro-arrow-1.788113

Debate: Should Diefenbaker have kept the Avro Arrow?

Vietnam War 1956-1975

  • Domino Theory in Southeast Asia.
  • USSR provides Communists with weaponry and arms.
  • Vietnam was divided between a Communist state (North) and Democratic (South).
  • Canadian-American Relations: Prime Minister Pearson criticized American actions in Vietnam.
  • "Draft-dodgers": Young American men avoiding the draft flee to Canada.

Anti-War Hippy Movement

Argument 1: Support the Vietnam War because Canada is making millions by supplying the US with weaponry and war supplies. Plus, we're fighting for democracy in S.Vietnam!

Argument 2: Prime Minister Pearson has condemned the Vietnam War and the bombings.

  • Hippies: those who protested against war and advocated for peace.
  • Protests began in 1965 when the draft was increased from 3,000/ month to 33,000 a month.
  • Draft-Dodge or refusal -->Muhammed Ali refused to go to war
  • My Lai Massacre: tarnished image of US
  • American death toll was high
  • In 1971, 300,000 took part in an anti-war rallies, including war veterans.

Today's Agenda

Berlin Wall, 1961

Korean War 1950-1953

1) McCarthyism: Fear of Communism.

2) Proxy Wars & Domino Effect: Korean War, Vietnam War (Hippie Movement)

3) Suez Crisis

Suez Crisis, 1956

  • Suez Canal's strategic location: OIL. Made it possible for ships to save valuable time (and money) by not having to sail around Africa
  • Egypt leader General Nasser nationalizes the canal, provoking a war with France, Britain, and Israel, who wanted to control the canal.
  • UN, NORAD, USSR condemned these actions and Lester Pearson organized UN emergency force; he achieved a ceasefire. Why was USA mad at Britain?
  • US supported Israel with weaponry; USSR supported Egypt, Syria, Iraq
  • UN recognizes state of Israel in 1948 against the wishes of Arabs. Embassy Change 2018
  • Eisenhower Doctrine: a country could request American financial or military aid if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. This doctrine would prevent Soviet presence in Egypt.
  • USSR orders the construction of a wall 100 miles long to shut in East Berliners. Many intellectuals, scientists, engineers escaped to the West.
  • Symbol of the Cold War
  • Heavily Guarded
  • In 1950, the northern half was invaded by the Soviets and the southern half by American troops.
  • North Korea was Communist, and South Korea had a democracy supported by the US
  • In 1950 the North invaded the South.
  • The UN sent troops: US and Canada sent the most
  • China comes to rescue N.Korea.
  • 1953, Lester Pearson formulated a cease-fire
  • US increased military spending seven-fold after Korean War; Britain rearmed; NATO members invest in defence; Warsaw Pact; return of Germany!!

What was the main cause of the Korean War?

Why would Canada send troops?

Why did the US want to intervene?

Learning Goals:

Students will identify importance of proxy wars during Cold War.

Students will learn how US-Can. relations changed.

McCarthyism 1950-1956

  • US Senator who claimed Truman administration was infiltrated by Communists.
  • Why: Soviet atomic test was a colossal shock! Existence of spy networks
  • At this time, it was easy to destroy any reputation by charging that a person was a Communist or communist-sympathizer.
  • Motivation: McCarthy faced re-election in 1952 and had little support.
  • Cambridge 5: Through Cairncross, Moscow learned of Anglo-American efforts to build an atomic bomb in 1941. Maclean and Burgess, revelaed Allied strategy in the Korean War.

Proxy War and Domino Effect

  • US believed that if one country became communist, then countries around that area would also become communist.
  • This Domino Theory was used to justify the Korean War (1950-53) and the Vietnam War (1956-75).
  • Although the US and Russia were not fighting each other directly, there were 'proxy wars' as both superpowers were helping each side that was fighting.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cold War Tensions

  • In1958, Communist Fidel Castro and Che overthrew pro-American leader of Cuba
  • Cuba is 90 miles from the mainland of the United States.
  • 1961 attempt to overthrow government of Fidel Castro in Cuba
  • Cuban exiles invade beaches at Bay of Pigs in Cuba; funded by USA
  • The disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961 was a humiliating defeat for the United States and its anti-Castro Cuban allies,
  • Cuba turned to the USSR to help prevent future attacks.

Mutually Assured Destruction: Both the US and USSR had the technology and nuclear weaponry to destroy each other regardless of who attacked first.

Detente:

1) Limited Test Ban Treaty, 1963.

2) Hot-Line Agreement, 1963

3) Non-Proliferation Treaty, 1968

4) Promise not to share nuclear info. with other states

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

  • American U-2 spy plane photos revealed Soviet missile bases being built in Cuba
  • Americans demand missiles be withdrawn; Soviets initially refuse
  • Results in naval blockade of Cuba; Soviet ships told if cross blockade line will result in nuclear war
  • US President John F. Kennedy asked Canada to allow US planes stationed in Canada to be loaded with nuclear warheads but Diefenbaker rejects proposal
  • Soviet missile base was dismantled, in exchange for the removal of American missiles in Turkey.

Consolidation

List the Proxy Wars.

Would you have been a hippie? In which proxy war? Why or why not?

What two reasons is Pearson recognized for foreign contributions?

Consider the evolution of Canadian-American relations.

Cold War: Proxy Wars

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