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In normal lung function, air is drawn into the lungs, and O2 diffuses into the bloodstream at the alveoli, and CO2 diffuses out of the bloodstream, and is removed from the body when one exhales. Air is drawn in through the mouth and/or nose, and travels down the trachea bronchi and into the lungs for the exchange to occur. Air containing carbon dioxide is then exhaled through the same route. [3][8][10]
Had modern medical methods been available to Harrison, he would have likely survived his cancer, finished his album, and gone on to continue making music. [3]
Harrison's work was not greatly affected by his illness. His final album was left unfinished when he died, and it was subsequently finished by his son Dhani and Jeff Lynne. [1][2]
In 1997, George Harrison was diagnosed with throat cancer. In 1999, he was diagnosed with "Squamous Cell Lung Cancer". The lung cancer metastasized to his brain. This led to his death in 2001. [2]
We chose Harrison because we are both Beatles fans. We were both interested in his reputation as "the quiet Beatle", and while we both knew a bit about cancer, we both saw this as an opportunity to explore cancer, specifically lung cancer, in greater depth.
George Harrison on Stage with The Beatles, 1964
Born on 2/25/1943, George Harrison became a founding member of The Beatles in 1960. He also orchestrated the Concert for Bangladesh in 1971, and later was a member of the band The Traveling Wilburys in 1988-1990. He also had a successful solo career. [1][2]
[13]
When smokers smoke, they make use of the breathing passages in order to allow chemicals in the smoke, such as Nicotine, to enter the bloodstream. While the nicotine itself does little damage to the lungs, the smoke from burning tobacco contains around 4000 different chemicals in different quantities, 43 of which are known carcinogens. with around 400 being known to be toxic. These chemicals vary in effect, but in general either directly mutate genes or inhibit mitosis from occurring correctly, causing genetic mutations upon cell division. The mutations in the cells affected by smoke build up far faster than in other cells, and this can eventually lead to the development of a cancerous growth. [3][8][9]
The metastasis of a cancer is when the cancer leaves it site of origin, and invades neighboring or other body tissues. Lung cancer is considered to be one of the worst types of cancer due to the difficulty in early detection, and the low 5 year survival rate, which is around 50% [3][4][5][6][7][8]
[11]
Lung cancer is a general diagnosis for the uncontrolled growth of cells within the lung. This uncontrolled growth is known as cancer. These cancerous cells have the ability to form a tumor. These cells can eventually travel to other parts of the body, a process called metastasis. [3][5][6][8]
Harrison never discussed his cancer with the public, and very little is publicly known about his health in the years leading up to his death. [1][2]
Cancer was traditionally treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.
These forms of treatments are non-targeted, they affect regular tissue as well as cancer tissue. This leads to serious side effects. Surgeries were very invasive. [3]
Side effects include
[12]
Harrison was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1999, and began treatment with chemotherapy and radiation. However, the cancer spread, and, two years later, George Harrison died of metastatic lung cancer, aged 58. The metastasis caused a tumor to form in his brain. His official cause of death was lung cancer which metastasized to his brain. [1][2][3]
Symptoms generally include
New drugs have been released which train the body's white blood cells to attack cancer cells. These white blood cells spare healthy tissue. [3][6]
Doctors have identified EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) as a target for new therapies. New therapies target cancer cell's DNA, specifically EGFR and ALK (another mutation). Compared to chemo, these therapies do not damage healthy tissue. [3]
The treatment of cancer has greatly advanced in the years since George Harrison's death. Such advancements have included the development of targeted therapies, immunomodulation, less invasive surgeries, and improved screening techniques. [3][4][6]
Newer surgeries are far less invasive, and are largely laparoscopic. This serves to decrease recovery time, and allow for a more complete recovery. [3]
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"Interview with Dr. Jardines." Personal interview. 06 Dec. 2015.
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"What Is Non-small Cell Lung Cancer?" What Is Non-small Cell Lung Cancer? N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016.
"What's In a Cigarette, 599 Ingredients in a Cigarette." What's In a Cigarette, 599 Ingredients in a Cigarette. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016.
Biology Class, Natalie Mayer. High School Class. 2013-2014
"Http://www.yoursurgery.com." Http://www.yoursurgery.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016.
"Jacobwfowler." All You Need Is Loce. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016.
"George Harrison Album Due." Clash Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016.
All Slides composed by Drew
All Slides edited by Emily