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South Asia: Sri Lanka

South Asia: Nepal

  • Sri Lanka's independence in 1948 was a consequence of the Indian independence rather than as a result of any strong nationalist movements.
  • Most Sri Lankans were contented with the colonial membership in the British Empire; however, in mid-1950s, Ceylon was swept by what has been called “second-wave nationalism”.
  • Communal violence between Sinhalese and Tamils (immigrants from nearby south India/ Ceylon Tamils) began with the 1956 election of S.W.R.D Bandaranaike on a platform of Sinhalese-only nationalism.
  • Tamils felt excluded and oppressed and used terrorism as a weapon demanding for a separate state.
  • terrorism of Tamils and Sri Lankans still continued in 1999 despite an earlier truce.
  • Remained politically separated from India and became a British protectorate in 1816.
  • Remained dominated by its hereditary elite and monarchy, and took no little part in the modernization going on in colonial India.
  • It also remained as one of the poorest countries on the globe.
  • Himalayan views and hiking trails attracted tourists spawning new luxury hotels in Kathmandu, while most Nepalis continued in poverty.

South Asia: Female Leaders of South Asia

  • Sirimavo Banaranaike was the first female prime minister; succeeded her husband as prime minister of Sri Lanka, her authoritative rule restored order, and relative stability at a time of domestic crisis.
  • Indira Gandhi was a strong central figure, but her record was badly flawed by her assumption of dictatorial powers under the “emergency” and by her rigid response to Sikh demands.

South Asia: Afghanistan

South Asia: India Under Nehru

  • Semi-arid mountainous state, underdeveloped society where ancient tribal divisions still dominated.
  • No effective national government emerged to provide the leadership for the development of Afghanistan.
  • India was on the oath of economic development, both agriculturally and industrially. There was also an abundance of expanding cities.
  • Nehru was involved in a border conflict with China before his death.
  • He had been the symbol and architect of the new India.

South Asia: India After Independence (Parliamentary Democracy and British-style law)

  • Jawaharlal Nehru who became prime minister at independence and served until his death, presided over the creation of 16 new language-based states within a federal structure -- "Language is the single most obvious basis of regional differences"
  • Hindi language of Delhi and upper Ganges Valley was declared the official national language

South Asia: Pakistan

  • Diverse state, covered with arid mountains along its western and northern borders.
  • Under martial law.
  • Field Marshal Ayub Khan moved the capital in stages to a new planned site called “Islamabad”
  • Green revolution; impressive agricultural growth due to the new irrigation works in Punjab and Indus valley; improved seeds.
  • He was forced to resign due to corruption, but there were still many corrupt leaders after him. Up to this day, Pakistan is still far from being a stable or democratic state.

South Asia: India Today

JAPAN

traditional ways and symbols have been so consciously preserved and visibly retained in the midst of wholesale Westernization.

  • Miserable and is under poverty for the bottom third or more of India's people.
  • Has a population that is still growing too rapidly.
  • Communal divisions within the highly diverse population.

Japanese were urged to give up their traditions in the early years of Meiji Restoration after 1868 but, were then were revived and are still prominent in Japan today.

South Asia: Bangladesh

South Asia: Partition and Independence

South Asia

  • East Bengal became East Pakistan in 1948; It was one of the poorest areas of South Asia and had no industry.
  • East Pakistan won over the West Pakistan in the election in 1970.
  • West Pakistan arrested the party's leader, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
  • In 1971, East Pakistan declared itself as the People's Republic of Bangladesh and Sheikh Mujibur became prime minister.
  • Poor, high population rate, widespread illiteracy, periodic flooding caused by deforestation, crop destruction, and death.
  • India's independence from the British colonies led to its elections in 1946.
  • Pakistan became a separate Muslim state and caused a war with India.
  • Mohammad Ali Jinnah (The Muslim's League President) led Pakistan during the war with India.

  • Indian subcontinent which is composed of the separate states of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.
  • Most of the states were British colonies until the end of the World War II
  • Clement Attlee gave India its freedom.

Asia: Third World Country

INDIA

Mahatma Gandhi

traditional Indian dresses and to spend an hour each day at a

traditional hand-driven spinning wheel (source of spiritual peace)

Satyagraha “power of truth"

- nonviolent resistance to oppression and

injustice

South Asia: The Kashmir Conflict

South Asia: Partition

  • Is the separation of the predominantly Muslim northwest and western Punjab and the eastern half of Bengal.
  • The Republic of India and Islamic state of Pakistan won their Independence on August 14, 1947.
  • Led to the greatest mass refugee movement in history; Hindus fled from Pakistan and Muslims fled from India.
  • The dispute has continued to poison relations between the two states and has sparked three brief inconclusive wars.
  • Mahatma Gandhi was a victim of the Hindu-Muslim violence when he was murdered on January 30, 1948 by a Hindu extremist who saw him as too tolerant of Muslims.
  • Tragedy and violence added to the Indo-Pakistani tension instead of the cooperation that would be more appropriate between the two nations sharing the same problems of the fights against poverty.

SOUTHEAST ASIA

POPULATION GROWTH

- Second-wave nationalism is prominent in Southeast Asia in the decades following formal independence as each culture and nation has struggled to develop and assert its independent identity

South Asia: Partition

Burma- cutting many ties with the outside world and reverting to a traditional, village-centered, Buddhist mode while at the same time coming under a military dictatorship

Mongols and Tibetans- reviving or newly asserting their traditional cultures: yurts and the veneration of Chinghis Khang among Mongols and Dalai Lama among Tibetans

  • Life in Pakistan was hard as the people (stayed and migrated) there struggled to cope with the flood and refugees.
  • Hindus who stayed in Pakistan found out that they had little place in an Islamic state; The separation was based solely on religion.
  • The partition cut through major road and rail links, divided rural areas from their urban centers, and bisected otherwise uniform regions of culture and language.

TRADITION IN MODERN ASIA

- oldest living traditions

- renewed pride in the Asian tradition

after World War II

- aim was to preserve and emphasize each country's identity and to purge as much as possible the Westernization

imposed earlier

URBANIZATION

ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES

South Asia: The Kashmir Conflict

  • Independent states that were not part of India or Pakistan were given the choice to either or.
  • The Princely State of Kashmir is geographically between India and Pakistan.
  • The ruler, Hari Singh, agreed to join India in return for military help after forces from Pakistan invaded his state.
  • The cease fire line gave the western part of Kashmir to Pakistan→the larger issue of where Kashmir should belong has never been resolved.

CHAPTER 19: SOUTH ASIA: INDEPENDENCE, POLITICAL DIVISION, AND DEVELOPMENT

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