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http://www2.fiu.edu/~condon/motor.htm
Confusing Terminology!
Input
Division
Function
"Pyramidal weakness" = UMN lesion!
[https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/contents/the-detailed-neurologic-examination-in-adults]
"Extrapyramidal signs" = basal ganglia!
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543080/
"Pyramidal tracts": tracts passing through the medullary pyramids
vs. "Extrapyramidal tracts": tracts originating in the brainstem, carrying motor fibres --> spinal cord
Corticospinal
Corticobulbar
Motor functions
Green: direct pathway Red: indirect pathway
References
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/movement-and-cerebellar-disorders/overview-of-movement-and-cerebellar-disorders#v8305636
Martin's Neuroanatomy
Decrease cortical outflow
Increase cortical outflow
Balance
Stabilise eyes during movement (vestibulo-ocular reflex)
Prox limb/trunk coord
Ataxia
Vertigo
Nystygmus
Muscle tone
Extremity coordination
Feedback: muscle stretch
+ tension receptors
Hypotonia
(eg. pendular knee jerk)
Distal limb coordination
Skilled movements
Procedural learning
Speech
Intention tremor
Over/undershoot
Heel-shin test
Dysdiadochokinesis
Outlines
Block colour activated together
Conditions and affected regions
Parkinson's: SNc
Dystonia: dopamine antagonists
Conditions and affected regions
Hemiballismus: STN
Chorea (Huntington's): striatum
Athetosis: putamen (indirect, striatum)
Spinal cord
Spinocerebellum
Trunk, limb
posture, mvmt
Cerebral cortex
Cerebrocerebellum
Planning mvmt
Nonmotor function
Vestibular
Vestibulocerebelllum
Balance
Head, eye mvmt