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(Apex Aerial Photo Online Image). Retrieved from https://www.homesnacks.net/these-are-the-10-best-places-to-live-in-north-carolina-125130/
Downtown Apex (Online Image). Retrieved from http://www.lennar.com/new-homes/north-carolina/raleigh/apex
(Jordan Lake Dock Online Image). Retrieved from http://www.lennar.com/new-homes/north-carolina/raleigh/apex
Pardue, D. (2010). Apex Water Tank (Online Image). Retrieved from http://apex.ipub.us/photos
Town of Apex Government (2015). Apex Water Tank Aerial (Online Image). Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/TownofApex/photos/a.260733664008340.63667.115962645152110/725733440841691/?type=3&theater
(Welcome to Apex Online Image). Retrieved from http://activerain.com/blogsview/4872392/apex-nc---the-peak-of-good-living---move-to-apex-nc
-Population in 1999: 13,000
-Population as of 2014: 44,000
-Influx of residents and publicity has transformed small farming suburb into a state of constant change and construction
-Early stages of urbanization could potentially lead to the formation of a city-like area
-This occurrence is taking place globally
-With the expansion of urban areas, policy change and more rigid guidelines will be necessary to maintain sustainability and prevent environmental harm
-Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas (54% in 2014)
-2007: for the first time in history, the global urban population exceeded the global rural population
-Most projected future growth in the world's population will occur in urban areas
-Urbanization is typically associated with positive changes (i.e. influx of jobs, local revenue)
-Urban living usually leads to higher literacy and education, better health, more access to social services, etc.
-However...
-Integrated policies to improve the livelihood and sustainability in urban areas will become necessary as urbanization patterns continue to grow
-Process by which a rural or suburban area becomes more like a city
-Towns develop into cities as the population grows and more people move to an area to live and work
-Over the past century our world has seen a large-scale movement in the development of urban areas
-Heat generated by urban activities affects temperatures across thousands of miles, warming some areas and cooling others
-Waste heat generated from buildings and cars has caused winter warming across the northern hemisphere
-Urban expansion is a major driving force in altering local and regional hydrology
-Removal of trees and vegetation increases runoff, leads to greater sediment in runoff, and increases the possibility of flooding
-Streams are often diverted or paved over to supply water for people or to create roads
-Increased sewage is discharged into streams, affecting water quality and harming water ecosystems
-Drilling of large-capacity wells can lower underground water table, resulting in other wells drying out and sinkholes developing
Information
Borneman, E. (2015, September 25). Vegetation Helps to Lessen the Effects of Urban Heat Islands. Retrieved from https://www.geolounge.com/vegetation-helps-to-lesson-the-effects-of-urban-heat-islands/
Cardelino, C.A. & Chameides, W.L. (1990) Natural hydrocarbons, urbanization, and urban ozone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 95:13971-13979.
Maas, R., Grennfelt, P. (2016, May 31). Towards Cleaner Air. Scientific Assessment Report 2016. EMEP Steering Body and Working Group on Effects of the Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, Oslo. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/air-quality-has-improved-dramatically-there-s-still-work-be-done
Parrish, D. & Stockwell, W. (2015). Urbanization and air pollution: Then and now. Retrieved from https://eos.org/features/urbanization-air-pollution-now
Tang, Z., Engel, B.A., Pijanowski, B.C., & Lim, K.J. (2005) Forecasting land use change and its environmental impact at a watershed scale. Journal of Environmental Management. 76: 35-45.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014)
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352)
US Environmental Protection Agency (2015). Our Nation's Air: Status and Trends through 2015. Retrieved from https://gispub.epa.gov/air/trendsreport/2016/
US Geological Survey. (2016, October 27). How urbanization affects the hydrologic system. USGS Water Science School. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/urbaneffects.html
Zhang, G.J., Cai, M., & Hu, A. (2013, January 27). Cities change temperatures for thousands of miles: Energy consumption and the unexplained winter warming over northern Asia and North America. Nature Climate Change. Retrieved from http://www2.ucar.edu/atmosnews/news/8773/cities-affect-temperatures-thousands-miles
-Urban heat islands (UHIs) develop as a side effect of living in a large metropolitan area
-UHIs form when heat collects and is retained in the concrete, asphalt and metal of a city
-Higher concentration of solar energy in these spots can make larger cities 2 to 5 degrees warmer than surrounding rural areas
-Lack of vegetation in a city increases UHI effect
-At the start of industrialization, air pollution increased significantly
-Photochemical air pollution arises as the result of reactions of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the air
-Urban activities (traffic, power plants, industrial plants) increase these pollutants and diminish air quality
-Air quality in North America and Europe has actually improved in the last 30 years due to policy-driven reduction in air pollution
-Clean Air Act 1963
-Air Quality Act 1967
-EPA established 1970
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