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Ethnic Identity Development Theory: Jean Phinney’s Three Stage Model
190
By: Karen Gonzales
Christian Corrales
Purpose
Ethnic Identity Development Model:
Phinney’s (1995) three-stage model of ethnic identity formation consists of the following stages:
• Stage 1: Unexamined Ethnic Identity (Diffusion-Foreclosure)
• Stage 2: Ethnic Identity Search/Moratorium
•Stage 3: Ethnic Identity Achievement
Stage 1: Unexamined Ethnic Identity (Diffusion-Foreclosure)
Individuals have not explored feelings and attitudes regarding their own ethnicity. Ethnicity is a nonissue, which leads to diffusion. The acquired attitudes about ethnicity are from parents or other adults, leading to foreclosure.
Stage 2: Ethnic Identity Search/Moratorium
Individuals become increasingly aware of ethnic identity issues. This may be as a result of a significant experience that forces awareness of one’s ethnicity. The ethnic identity search or moratorium, the individual is immersed into one’s culture. This includes reading about your ethnicity, going to ethnic museums and participating in cultural events.
Rejecting the values of the dominant culture may occur during this stage.
Stage 3: Ethnic Identity Achievement
People come to a deeper understanding and appreciation of their ethnicity. Individuals achieve a healthy bicultural identity. They resolve their identity conflicts and come to terms with ethnic and racial issues. You gain a sense of ethnic identification while being more open to other cultures.
•Ethnic identity is too broad to truly dissect, especially when dealing with college students where demographics and environments are so unpredictable.
•“Research on ethnic identity is in its infancy, and its variations and applications to college students are necessary to help students know themselves better” (Evans, 2010, p.286).
1. What changes can future student affairs expect as we move towards a pluralistic society?
2. How does ethnic identity differ from acculturation when applied to the higher education culture?
3. Identify the departments at UTSA within Student Affairs that can guide students to evolve from Phinney’s Diffusion-Foreclosure stage one , to stage three, Ethnic Identity Achievement.
Disney College Program
Ethnic Identity Development Theory:
Jean Phinney’s Three Stage Model
Strengths
- The primary strength of this model is the recognition of cultural differences that are unique to ethnic minority groups as they reach a comfortable stage in their ethnic identity.
To identify the stages of ethnic identity formation
Weakness
- Limited documentation on mixed ethnic backgrounds
- The role that gender may have on ethnic identity formation
According to Phinney
“ the formation of ethnic identity may be thought of as a process similar to ego identity formation that takes place over time, as people explore and make decisions about the role of ethnicity in their lives” (1990, p. 194).
Questions
Closing Remarks: