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According to Javanese records, the kings of Mataram were descended from one Ki Ageng Selo (Selo is a village near the present-day Demak).
Pamanahan's son, Sutawijaya or Panembahan Senopati Ing alogo, replaced his father around 1584, and he released Mataram from Pajang's control.
Under Sutawijaya, Mataram grew through military campaigns against Pajang and Pajang's former overlord, Demak.
The new Pajang Sultan, Arya Pangiri, was an unpopular ruler, and Benowo rallied support to regain his throne and recruited Sutawijaya's support against Pajang.
Subsequently Pajang was attacked from two directions, by Prince Benowo from Jipang and by Sutawijaya from Mataram, and finally was defeated.
Demak and nearby ports.
Panembahan Senopati ing Alogo
Establishment of Mataram
Ki Ageng Selo
Kyai Gedhe Pamanahan
Pajang, Sultan Hadiwijaya
Arya Pangiri
Prince Benowo
Sutawijaya or Panembahan Senopati Ing alogo
After the defeat of Pajang, Prince Benowo bow under Senapati and agreed to follow him and submitted Pajang under Mataram's rule.
This event in 1586, marked the end of Pajang kingdom and the rise of its former vassal, the Mataram Sultanate.
In the 1570s, one of Ki Ageng Sela's descendants, Kyai Gedhe Pamanahan was awarded the land of Mataram by King of Pajang, Sultan Hadiwijaya, for his service on defeating Arya Panangsang, Hadiwijaya's enemy.
Pajang was located near the current site of Surakarta, and Mataram was originally a vassal of Pajang.
Pamanahan was often referred to as Kyai Gedhe Mataram.
Meanwhile, in Pajang, there were major power struggles after the death of Sultan Hadiwijaya in 1582; Hadiwijaya's heir, Prince Benowo, was defeated by Arya Pangiri of Demak, and being removed to Jipang.
· In the west, Banten and the Dutch settlement in Batavia are outside of Sultan Agung's control.
· In his effort to unite Java, he claimed Mataram as the successor state of Demak and claimed Banten as Mataram's vassal.
· Banten refused Mataram's claim and remain as an independence state, and to reach Banten, Dutch Batavia is on Mataram's way.
· The Dutch in Batavia on Java's soil is seen as a disgrace for Sultan Agung's hegemony.
Sultan Hadiwijaya
Ki Ageng Pemanahan
Kingdom of Pajang
The Banten Sultanate was founded in the 16th century and centered in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java
Sultan Agung of Mataram, Sultan Agung Anyokrokusumo was the third Sultan of Mataram in Central Java ruling from 1613-1645.
Batavia campaign
Sultan Agung
Banten
Dutch
1628 and 1629
Poor logistic
West java north coast
National Hero
· He attempted to seize Batavia by launched two attacks against the Dutch East India Company, one in 1628 and the other in 1629.
· The first campaign against Batavia in 1628 was failed due to poor logistics supports for his troops.
· Learning from the first mistakes, Sultan Agung established Javanese farming settlements on West Java north coast, building chains of rice barns to support his troops, and Javanese ships filled with rice and logistics was sent to sail Java Sea, also to supports the military logistics.
· Dutch ships and spies however, manage to locate Mataram's logistics ships and rice barns, and burnt them down.
· As the result, large numbers of Mataram troops were starved and left with poor logistics, and Sultan Agung second invasion to Batavia was also ended in failure.
Mataram under king Amangkurat III
Mataram under king Amangkurat II
· On his way to Batavia to ask for Dutch's help, Amangkurat I died in the village of Tegalarum near Tegal
· Amangkurat II became king in 1677.
· Trying to get his kingdom, he made an agreement with the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
· He promised to give VOC the port of Semarang if they lend him some troops.
· Amangkurat II died in 1703 and succeeded by his son, Amangkurat III.
· The Dutch had found a more reliable client, and supported his uncle Pangeran Puger, formerly Susuhunan ing Alaga, who had previously been defeated by VOC and Amangkurat II.
· he accused Amangkurat III of planning an uprising in East Java.
· Unlike Pangeran Puger, Amangkurat III inherited blood from Surabayan ruler, Jangrana II, from Amangkurat II that he cooperated with the now powerful Untung Surapati in Pasuruan.
Amangkurat III
· For the Dutch, a Mataram empire in indebted would ensure trade on favorable terms.
· The multinational Dutch forces, first defeated Trunajaya in Kediri in November 1678
· Trunajaya himself was captured in 1679 near Ngantang west of Malang,
· in 1681, the alliance of VOC and Amangkurat II forced Susuhunan ing Alaga (Puger) to put down the throne to his elder brother Amangkurat II.
· Meanwhile, Panembahan Cakraningrat II of Madura, VOC’s most trusted ally, persuaded the Dutch to support Pangeran Puger.
· Although Cakraningrat II has hatred towards Puger, this move is necessary since alliance between Amangkurat III and his Surabaya relatives and Surapati in Bangil would be a great threat to Madura’s position.
· Pangeran Puger took the title of Pakubuwana I upon his accession in June 1704.
· The conflict between Amangkurat III and Pakubuwana I, who allied with the Dutch, usually termed First Javanese War of Succession.
In 1680, Amangkurat II ascends as the king of Mataram by receiving his crown from the Dutch.
· As the compensation, Mataram has to hand over Semarang, Bogor, Karawang and Priangan, Cirebon to VOC.
· Amangkurat II move the capital to Kartasura
· The Dutch also build a fort in Kartasura in an effort to control as well as protect the new capital.
· Finally Amangkurat II was unhappy, especially with the Dutch control of the coast.
· In August 1705, Pakubuwono I and VOC forces captured Kartasura without resistance from Amangkurat III, whose cowardly turned back when the enemy reached Ungaran.
· Surapati’s forces in Bangil, near Pasuruan, was crushed by the alliance of VOC, Kartasura and Madura in 1706.
· Jangrana II, who sided with Amangkurat III was invited by Pakubuwana I and murdered by VOC’s request in the same year.
· Amangkurat III ran away to Malang with Surapati’s descendants
· The king try to confront the Dutch; for example, to cooperate with other kingdoms such as Cirebon and Johor
· Also, he court sheltered people wanted by the Dutch for attacking colonial offices such as Untung Surapati.
· In 1685, Batavia sent Captain Tack, who captured Trunojoyo, to capture Surapati and negotiate the new agreement with Amangkurat II, the king pretended to help Tack.
· Tack was killed when pursuing Surapati in Kartasura.
· Due to this incident, Amangkurat II was deeply distrusted by the Dutch.
Untung Suropati was an Indonesia war fighter who led a few rebellions against the Dutch East India Company.
Sultan Amangkurat II of Mataram (upper right) watching warlord Untung Surapati fighting Captain Tack of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). ca 1684 AD.
Trunajaya was a prince and warlord from Arosbaya, Bangkalan, Madura. In 1674 he led a revolt against Amangkurat I and Amangkurat II of Mataram.
· The Trunajaya rebellion captured the king's court at Plered in Mataram in mid-1677.
· The king escaped to the north coast with his eldest son, the future king Amangkurat II, leaving his younger son Pangeran Puger in Mataram.
· Interested in profit and revenge only, than in running an empire, Trunajaya looted the court and withdrew to Kediri, East Java, leaving Prince Puger lead the weak court.
· Puger assumed the throne in the ruins of Plered with the title Susuhanan ing Alaga.
· Sultan Agung's son Amangkurat I tried to bring long-term stability to Mataram's, by murdering local leaders that disagree with his policies, including the powerful noble from Surabaya, Pangeran Pekik, his father-in-law, and executed Panembahan Adiningkusuma king of Cirebon, his son in-law.
· He also closed the ports and destroying ships in Javanese coastal cities to prevent them from getting too rich.
· This action destroyed Javanese coastal economy and crippled maritime prowess.
· Amangkurat I did not dare to confront the Dutch, as in 1646 he signed peace agreement with them.
· He also abandoned wood palace Karta, Sultan Agung’s capital, and moved to a red-brick palace in Plered
· By the mid-1670s dissatisfaction turning into open revolt.
· The Crown Prince (future Amangkurat II) felt that his life was in danger after he took his father’s concubine with the help of his maternal grandfather, Pangeran Pekik of Surabaya,
· Amangkurat I suspicious of a conspiracy of Surabayan to grab power by using Pekiks’ grandson’s position as the Crown Prince.
· Amangkurat II conspired with Panembahan Rama from Kajoran, west of Magelang, in financed Rama’s son-in-law, Trunajaya, to begin a rebellion in the East Java.
· Raden Trunajaya, a prince from Arosbaya, Madura, lead a revolt supported by fighters from Makassar led by Kraeng Galesong.
Amangkurat I
Amangkurat II was the sultan of Mataram from 1677 to 1703. became sultan in 1677 when his father Amangkurat I died in Tegal after being expelled from Plered, his capital by Raden Trunajaya