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Miocene and Pliocene Epochs

Made By: Sam Little, Kaos Khan, and Emily Webber

Pliocene Epoch: 5.3 to 2.6 Million Years Ago

Climate and Geography of Pliocene Epoch

Animal Life of the Miocene Epoch

Insects + Aquatic Life

Sea Life

Insects

Due to large amounts of kelp and marine growth, sea life continued to expand.

Mammals

Plankton

Bees

- increased global cooling

- continued forming of mountains - Himalayas

- Antarctica forms ice caps

- still much hotter than today

- Mediterranean dries up

- grass-eating animals / more herbivores

-South America becomes attached

Mammals

Lady Bugs

The split between chimpanzees and hominids is estimated to be around 6 million years ago, during the Miocene epoch.

15 million year old gastropod fossil

Bear Dogs

Tarsiers

Miocene crab

Horses that evolved to have hooves instead of toes.

Mosquitoes

Plant Life of Pliocene Epoch

Plant Life of Miocene Epoch

- Expansion of grasslands

- Reduced tropical species worldwide

- Increased forests & tundra covering the north

- Deserts and savannahs in Asia/Africa

- 95% of modern seed plant families existed.

- Expanded open vegetation systems (deserts, tundra, & grasslands) at the expense of diminishing closed vegetation (forests).

- A mid-Miocene warming, followed by a cooling is responsible for the draw back of tropical ecosystems, the expansion of coniferous forests, and increased seasonality.

Flower

Pliocene plant/animal life

Carya leaf fossil

Castanea kubinyi leaf fossil

Miocene plant/animal life

Animal Life of the Pliocene Epoch

Mammals

Mastodons

Insects + Sea Life

Insects

Mammals

Sea Life

Weevils

Australopithecus'

Corals

Giant Camel

Sea Cows (aka Sirenians)

Beetles

Climate+Geology of Miocene Epoch

- increase in grasslands

- forming of mountain ranges

- much warmer climate than preceding and succeeding epochs

- an increase in aridity, led to decrease in rainforests

- Antarctica detached

- first migrations through the Bering land connection.

Miocene Epoch: 23.8 to 5.3 Million Years Ago

even more info

Works Cited

+ Picture Credits

BBC News. BBC. Web. 02 Mar. 2015. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_the_earth>.

PBS. PBS. Web. 05 Mar. 2015. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/deeptime/miocene.html>.

"CO2 and Climate Closely Linked during the Middle Miocene (11 to 17 Million Years Ago)." Descent into the Icehouse Miocene Climatic Optimum Tag. Web. 04 Mar. 2015. <http://descentintotheicehouse.org.uk/tag/miocene-climatic-optimum/>.

"Exploring Life's Origins: A Timeline of Life's Evolution." Exploring Life's Origins: A Timeline of Life's Evolution. Web. 03 Mar. 2015. <http://exploringorigins.org/timeline.html>.

Krock, Lexi. "A Brief History of Life." PBS. PBS, 01 Feb. 2002. Web. 03 Mar. 2015. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/brief-history-life.html>.

Lewis, Tanya. "Giant Camels Roamed the Arctic 3.5 Million Years Ago." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 05 Mar. 2013. Web. 05 Mar. 2015. <http://www.livescience.com/27639-camel-fossil-found-in-arctic.html>.

"Miocene." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 04 Mar. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene>.

"Miocene." Miocene. Web. 04 Mar. 2015. <http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154642/>.

"The Miocene Epoch." The Miocene Epoch. Web. 04 Mar. 2015. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/miocene.php>.

"Miocene Epoch | Geochronology." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 05 Mar. 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/384700/Miocene-Epoch>.

"Pliocene." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 04 Mar. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene>.

"Pliocene Epoch | Geochronology." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 05 Mar. 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464853/Pliocene-Epoch>.

Non-photos

Photos

http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/horse/horse-origin.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Tarsier

http://nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/Narragansett/images/plankton.jpg

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/368800/mastodon

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/37/79537-004-EFDD3800.jpg

http://www.cipamericas.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/bees.jpg

http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/IMAGES/Tennessee/ladybug-in-tennessee.jpg

http://www.mosquito.org/assets/Images/madult.jpg

http://d32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net/images/research_education/trail_guides/geologic_time_scale.jpg

http://www.chris-schuster.com/pics/insects/beetles/weevil/weevil_1.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Panagaeus_cruxmajor_bl.jpg

http://wizzyschool.com/cosmiceducation/timelineofhumanitytable.php

http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/images/ic/credit/640x395/p/pl/pliocene/pliocene_1.jpg

http://www.everyhistory.org/7/56.jpg

http://www.clemson.edu/public/geomuseum/collections/images/bcgm0074.jpg

https://cdn.superstock.com/1566/Preview/1566-0109953.jpg

http://www.clemson.edu/public/geomuseum/collections/images/bcgm4201.jpg

http://geolojay.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/himalayan_plates.jpg

https://simotron.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/figura3batallones.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Inserciomamifers.jpg/350px-Inserciomamifers.jpg

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