The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
George Washington strongly disagreed with sectionalism. In his farewell address he makes his opinion clear by saying that the United States is stronger if all of the states work together.
Sources
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=12
http://www.gwu.edu/~ffcp/exhibit/p5/p5_9.html
http://uspolitics.about.com/od/presidenc1/a/the_cabinet.htm
http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/gw-inauguration/
http://ahp.gatech.edu/bill_of_rights_1789.html
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=13&page=transcript
http://www.constitution.org/uslaw/judiciary_1789.htm
http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/farewell/transcript.html
http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_cabi.html
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mgw:@field(DOCID+@lit(gw300376))
http://billofrightsinstitute.org/resources/educator-resources/founders/george-washington/
http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am11.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande22.html
http://www.georgewashingtonwired.org/2013/04/03/george-washingtons-personality/
http://www.heritage.org/initiatives/first-principles/primary-sources/washingtons-farewell-address
http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24094
During Washington's Presidency, the Bill of Rights was finally added the the constitution in 1791. It included the first ten amendments to the constitution, which protected the people of the United States from oppression by the government.
Congress of the United States
begun and held at the City of New-York, on
Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.
THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.
ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
Article the first... After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.
Article the second... No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
Article the third... Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Article the fourth... A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Article the fifth... No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Article the sixth... The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Article the seventh... No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Article the eighth... In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
Article the ninth... In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Article the tenth... Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Article the eleventh... The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Article the twelfth... The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
ATTEST,
Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, Speaker of the House of Representatives
John Adams, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate
John Beckley, Clerk of the House of Representatives.
Sam. A Otis Secretary of the Senate
Washington's Inauguration
and personal qualities
On April 30, 1789, George Washington became the first president of the united states, following a unanimous vote for him by the electoral college. During the ceremony he gave an inaugural address to Congress, declaring that they all were responsible for defending the liberty and freedom of the American people.
Throughout his Presidency, Washington would uphold the belief that external appearence expressed inner merit. Washington could be excitable and impatient, but he was an icon to the people.
One of Washington's first acts as president was approving the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established the Judicial branch of the government in more detail than the Constitution. This act also officially created the position of Attorney General (legal advisor to the government), which George Washington quickly asked Edmund Randolph to take.
Soon after George Washington became president, he appointed four advisors to aid the executive branch: Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Knox as Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph as Attorney General. These four became the First Cabinet, and though not specifically mentioned in the constitution, they would become an important part of the government, helping the president on various issues through his time in office.
In 1794 rebels, upset with the tax on whiskey, attacked the home of a tax inspector. This sparked a rebellion that threatened to spread to other states if not dealt with. Hamilton wanted to send in military forces, but Washington decided to send in negotiators. when this effort showed to be ineffective military forces were sent in and quickly put down the rebellion.
George Washington: Domestic Policy
In 1793, Alexander Chisholm of South Carolina won a legal case involving original jurisdiction against the State of Georgia in the Supreme Court. Congress soon after passed the 11th amendment to prevent a state from being sued by the another state's citizen, due to many states complaining about the precedent the Supreme Court's ruling would create. The amendment was challenged in 1798 during another case, partly because George Washington had never signed the amendment, but nevertheless it remained.
Eleventh Amendment
Washington's persona was created through the belief that external appearance reflects inner merit. He was excitable and could be impatient. He also showed qualities opposite of the upper class British, which gave him a unique public persona.
By Alexander Candelaria-Fouse, Jordan Coward, and Ben Williams
Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of Treasury) - Financial Plan
- Pay back state/national debts
- Adopt a mercantilist-style economy based on capitalism
- Gain the support of the South (most of their debts had already been paid off)
Goals
Hamilton led the federalists and Jefferson led the republicans, Jefferson believed the people should hold more power and Hamilton thought that the government should have more power. These differing views helped shape the political system that we have today.
Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan
The Assumption Plan
Strict constructionalists believed the Constitution must be followed word for word; all the powers of Congress have been explicitly stated in the Constitution and cannot be stretched to any degree.
Strict
Loose constructionalists believed the interpretation of the Constitution could be slightly stretched. Congress could potentially uphold more powers than stated in the Constitution based on the situation.
This plan called for the federal government to assume all state debts. The South had most of their debts already paid off, so they were not happy with this
Constructionalism:
Loose
Loose vs. Strict Constructionalism
Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan
Full funding
A major part of Hamilton's Financial Plan was the creation of the Bank of the United States, the national bank that is used to assume state debts and contain the government's money.
Hamilton's financial Plan was supported by tariffs, or taxes on imports. A whiskey tax was also enforced which later led to the Whiskey Rebellion
National Bank
Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan