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History of Stroke (Also recent MI)
Unstable Cardiovascular disease
Radiation Therapy
Brittle Diabetes (uncontrolled diabetes)
Hyperthyroidism (uncontrolled)
Tricyclic antidepressants
Non-selective beta blockers
Allergic to sulfites
(Epi. preservative =Sodium Bisulfite)
Fear
Anxiety
Restlessness, tenseness, throbbing headache
Tremor, perspiration
Weakness, dizziness, pallor
Respiratory difficulties, palpitations
Bp , HR , cardiac dysrhythmias
Photo taken by student in LA Clincal session with Dr. Zang's camera.
Blood vessel smooth muscles reduce the size of the blood vessels. Play thru 19 seconds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lx_ReyaK408
MRD is the Amount of local anesthetic or vasoconstrictor a patient can be injected with before toxicity may set in.
Expressed in mg/kg or mg/lb.
*Absolute – Never ever go over this amount no matter what other factors are present.
Flat mg amount.
1. Constrict blood vessels
2. Increase Heart Rate/Contraction
3. Slow absorption of local anesthetic
1. Decreases blood flow to area of LA
2. Increases LA Duration
3. Slows absorption of LA into CVS
Common Vasoconstrictors
in Dentistry