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Reason, separate from all empirical experience, can determine the principle according to which all ends can be determined as moral. It is the fundamental principle of moral reason that is known as the categorical imperative.
The capacity that underlies deciding what is moral is called pure practical reason. It is the process of determining what ought to be done without reference to empirical contingent factors in contrast with pure reason, which is the capacity to know without having been shown and mere practical reasons which allow us to interact with the world in experience.
Hypothetical imperatives tell you what to do in order to achieve a particular goal while Categorical imperatives tell us what to do irrespective of our desires.
The Golden Rule
Inquiring Murder
Questioning Autonomy
" Act only in accordance to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction "
Birth date : April 22, 1724
Place of birth : Konigsberg, Russia
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher during the Enlightenment era of the late 18th Century.
"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end."
While tutoring, he published science papers, including "General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens in 1755. He spent the next 15 years as a metaphysics lecturer. In 1781, he published the first part of Critique of Pure Reason. He published more critiques in the years preceding his death, on February 12, 1804 in Konigsberg, now Kaliningrad.
The categorical imperative is a deontological ethical theory, which means it is based on the idea that there are certain objective ethical rules in the world. It may be defined as a way of evaluating motivations for action.
Deception
Theft
Suicide
Laziness
Charity
Cruelty to animals
Deontology comes from the Greek word "deon" meaning duty. In other words, deontologically minded philosophers believe we have a duty to act in certain ways, in accordance with moral laws.
" Therefore, every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends. "
http://www.biography.com/people/immanuel-kant-9360144#synopsis
http://moral philosophy.info/info/normative-ethics/deontology/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_imperative
https://poignantboy.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/a-brief-summary-of-kants-categorical-imperative/
bb.co.uk/ethics/introduction/consequentialism_1.shtml