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Vertebrates gain water by absorption from liquids and solid foods in the small intestine and by metabolic reactions that yields water or an end product.
Channels in plasma membranes of both kidneys transport the ions abundant in sea water
Ions are excreted in a concentrated urine
The functional unit is
called the nephrons
Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system containing blood through a membrane filter in a kidney:
1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
Retains urea
and pumps out electrolytes
Keeps water in and
excretes electrolytes
The body fluids are hypo osmotic
identical kidneys with freshwater fishes
Major site of water loss of mammals is the lungs
Most have mesonephric kidneys
It must keep water out and retain electrolytes
They are able to retain water and excrete a concentrated urine
The physiological differences between the kidney types are primarily related to the number of blood filtering units they contain.
Pronephtic has fewer blood-filtering units than the other two types.
All posses a metanephric kidneys
Drinks large quantities of seawater and secretes Na, Cl, and K through secretory cells
They absorb salts and ions by active transport across their gills and excrete of large volume of water as dilate urine
Together in the proper ratio, they counteract each other, raise the osmotic pressure, and do not interfere with enzymes or proteins
This reciprocity is termed the counteracting osmolyte strategy
Sharks have mesonephenic kidneys and have solved their asmetic problem
Each kindey has a coat of connective tissue called
the neural capsule
They contain a rectal gland that secretes a highly concentrated salt solution
Inner portion of the kidney is called the medulla, the region between the capsule and the medulla in the cortex.
Freshwater fishes usually do not drink mud water
They have the most complex animal kidneys
Kidneys are the primary regulatory for controlling the osmotic balance of the body fluids
Urea denatures proteins and inhibits enzymes
TMAO stabilizes proteins and activates enzymes