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Vertebrate Excretory Systems

Vertebrates gain water by absorption from liquids and solid foods in the small intestine and by metabolic reactions that yields water or an end product.

Vertebrates have 2 kidneys:

Channels in plasma membranes of both kidneys transport the ions abundant in sea water

Ions are excreted in a concentrated urine

Solute losses also must be balanced by solute gains.

  • Back of the abdominal activity.

  • Either side of the aorta.

METANEPHRIC

KIDNEYS

HOW VERTEBRATES ACHIEVE OSMOREGULATION

The functional unit is

called the nephrons

3 Kinds of Vertebrate Kidneys:

The major metabolic wastes that must be eliminated are:

Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system containing blood through a membrane filter in a kidney:

1. Filtration

2. Reabsorption

3. Secretion

The Adaptation of Amphibians to Their Environment

  • AMMONIA

  • UREA

  • URIC ACID

CARTILAGINOUS FISHES

  • Pronephros
  • Mesonephros
  • Metanephros

FRESHWATER TELEOSTS

Retains urea

and pumps out electrolytes

Keeps water in and

excretes electrolytes

The body fluids are hypo osmotic

identical kidneys with freshwater fishes

Learning outcomes:

  • Explain the three key physiological functions vertebrates use to achieve osmregulation.

  • Compare and contrast osmoregulation by freshwater fishes and osmoregulation by marine fishes.

  • Describe the primary components of the vertebrate kidney.

MARINE TELEOSTS

Major site of water loss of mammals is the lungs

Most have mesonephric kidneys

It must keep water out and retain electrolytes

Thank You!

They are able to retain water and excrete a concentrated urine

The physiological differences between the kidney types are primarily related to the number of blood filtering units they contain.

Pronephtic has fewer blood-filtering units than the other two types.

All posses a metanephric kidneys

Drinks large quantities of seawater and secretes Na, Cl, and K through secretory cells

They absorb salts and ions by active transport across their gills and excrete of large volume of water as dilate urine

Together in the proper ratio, they counteract each other, raise the osmotic pressure, and do not interfere with enzymes or proteins

This reciprocity is termed the counteracting osmolyte strategy

Sharks have mesonephenic kidneys and have solved their asmetic problem

Each kindey has a coat of connective tissue called

the neural capsule

They contain a rectal gland that secretes a highly concentrated salt solution

Inner portion of the kidney is called the medulla, the region between the capsule and the medulla in the cortex.

REPTILES, BIRDS,

AND MAMMALS

Freshwater fishes usually do not drink mud water

They have the most complex animal kidneys

Kidneys are the primary regulatory for controlling the osmotic balance of the body fluids

Urea & Trimethlyamine oxide (TMAO)

Urea denatures proteins and inhibits enzymes

TMAO stabilizes proteins and activates enzymes

ECG

62

bpm

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