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Sunlight

Atmosphere, Hydrosphere,

Lithosphere

During the months of April to October, there is an average 71% of sunlight. During the months of November to March, there is an average of 78% of sunlight.

Indonesian Rainforest

Atmosphere

On the day of the summer solstice (southern hemisphere) , the sun rises at a 94 degree angle. This increases the amount of sunlight for the coming months. On the equinoxes, the sun changes to a 91 degree angle, creating a slight difference in the sunlight. On the day of the winter solstice (southern hemisphere) , the sun rises at a 88 degrees.

The average amount of daylight in Indonesia is around 12 hours.

The first 40 to 50 miles(64–80 km) above the earth contains 99% of earth’s atmosphere.

12-30 miles is the ozone layer:

-N2 is 78.09%

-O2 is 20.93%

- Ar is 0.93%

- CO2 is 0.03%

  • Minute traces of neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, xenon, and ozone can also be found.
  • Lower atmosphere contains varying amount of water vapor, determined by humidity
  • Condensation and sublimation with in atmosphere cause clouds/fogs and resulting water droplets precipitate as rain, sleet, hail, dew or frost.
  • In Indonesia, they have very rainy season’s which result from the Earth’s atmosphere and the role it plays in producing rain. In many cases the pollution affects the rain’s acidity which in turn affect the rainforest that needs healthy good water to live. The acid rain also kills many species of animals and plants. If we can reduce the chemicals in the rainforest, we can have a healthier and better living rainforest.

Hydrosphere

During the monsoon season (November to March), there is an average of 42% of cloud coverage. During the dry season (April to October), there is an average of 24% of cloud coverage.

Since sunlight is a critical part of plant life, competition over it is high. With multiple plant variations, trees grow higher to receive the most amount of sunlight. Their leaves, branches and trunks form canopies, so very little rays of sun reach the forest floor.

  • combined mass of the water found under, on, and over the surface of a planet, Earth’s is about 1.4 x 1024, 0.023% of the Earth’s total mass
  • In addition, 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by ocean.
  • The Hydrologic cycle happens in the hydrosphere which is the transportation of water, this affects the salinity and temperature of the water. Combination of the water's temperature and salinity determines whether it rises to the surface, sinks to the bottom, or stays at some intermediate depth.
  • Hydrosphere is key in sustenance and development of earth’s life. We humans even begin in water. We are born and made in our mother’s water ball we call the womb.
  • Indonesia really depend on the hydrologic cycle working because it’s very dependent on it’s water supply where a lot of their food is grown. The Indonesian rainforest depends on that water to strive to survive and it’s animals need that water for nourishment. If the rainforest does not receive water, plants, animals and human beings that need that rainforest will die. The rainforest is a crucial part in Indonesian lifestyle where they live off the land.

Lithosphere

The lithosphere is the solid shell of planet Earth. It contains the crust or upper mantle that affect heat transport throughout the earth.

Two types of lithosphere:

Oceanic lithosphere, oceanic crust and exists in the ocean basins. Oceanic lithosphere is 50–100 km thick

Continental lithosphere, continental crust. Continental lithosphere has a range in thickness from about 40 km to perhaps 200 km, about 40 km is crust.

The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates.

The oceanic lithospheres are always younger than the continental lithospheres.

Characteristics of the lithosphere is following the flow properties.

Long term low intensity stress that drive tectonic motion result in the rigid shell of the lithosphere to deform.

Climate Change

Adaptations and Variations

Indonesia has one of the fastest deforestation rates around the world. Deforestation contributes to the emission of more CO2. Studies show Indonesia is also the 3rd largest climate polluter.

Forest destruction = ⅕ of global greenhouse gasses

Indonesia is one of seven tropical countries that are major contributors to these emissions. A REDD (Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) plan for the future, to end global deforestation before 2020, was introduced in 2009. This would mean money goes to Indonesia and other developing countries as a pay out to stop the production of deforestation and ensure protection of biodiversity.

Indonesia will receive extreme weather pattern changes if they continue to cut down the forest. The forest contributes to the amount of precipitation and it regulates local/global weather patterns. The rainforest will also experience the ocean’s heat due to it’s location. Water releases heat when the air is cool and absorbs heat when the air is warm.

Disruption in water will affect the cloud formation which in turn affects the wind patterns, rainfall.

No cloud formation= no rainfall= no vegetation= no forest= loss of habitat for millions of species, including human.

Local Communities in the Rainforest

  • The local communities inhabiting this region have harvested multiple resources such as, sugar, palm oil, coffee beans and cocoa. Farmers in this region promote the pollination of their coffee plants by putting bee colonies near their crops. Along with their agriculture capacity the mining of gold, copper, silver, tin, nickel, oil, coal and natural gas have also been a huge industrial advantage for the economy of Indonesia.
  • Technology in this region lacks the advances that we today have, instead relying upon hard labor and human hands

Humans have not left this rainforest untouched, logging and agriculture have cut this biome down to half it's size. This activity has endangered many species including the Bengal tiger and the Titan Arum flower.

  • Buses are the main mode of transportation although methods are available such as trains or taxi's.
  • The demand globally and locally for palm oil has spurred on the process of deforestation, greatly increasing the destruction of habitats in the forest.

Our Biome!

With a population of over 250 million, there is still an out lying 30 million below the poverty line.

We are researching the Indonesian Rainforest. 20% of the Earth's remaining rainforest is in Indonesia. 80% of Indonesia used to be covered by the rainforest but since then has been reduced to 49%.

http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/video/2013/may/24/sumatra-indonesia-rainforest-video

Bengal Tiger

Titan Arum Flower

Adaptations

-Have nocturnal vision that allows them to see well in the dark forest, and gives them advanced vision at night which aids in hunting. (This vision is caused by a special adaptation in the retina, allowing more light in.)

-Tigers are able to use infra sound to hear, which allows them to hear through the thick shrubbery of the lower levels of the rain forest. this helps them to locate prey and communicate with one another.

-Bengal Tigers have enlarged, strong teeth which allow them to take down and kill the tough skinned mammals of the Indonesian rainforest.

-These tigers also have large white spots on the edge of their ears, so that cubs are able to locate their parents in the dark of the underbrush.

-Has a sweet smell that attracts prey. (Carrion beetle & sweat bees)

-Can only grow and survive 120-365 meters above sea level.

-Vaporizes oils to create scent.

-Raises internal temp to help create scent.

-Creates illusion of radiating light to attract prey at night.

-Forms a waterproof bag around itself by a special bracht.

The Lost Treehouse Tribes

Did you know?

The Bengal Tiger has a speed of 90km/h which is 25m/s!

The Korowai tribes build their homes usually 140 ft off the ground high up in the canopy on the Indonesian rainforest. Due to the increase of the logging of this habitat, their culture is at risk for depletion or extinction.

Main Topics :

  • Human life adaptations to the land
  • Animal life and Adaptations
  • Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere relations
  • Greenhouse affect along with various gases
  • Environment in whole
  • Factors of sunlight
  • Climate change
  • The future of this biome regarding human impacts

Jaya, Indonesia’s equatorial glaciers, massive ice fields and sea ice are disappearing fast. When temperatures rise and ice melts, water increases in volume. This causes ocean water to warm and increases the average global sea level. Flooding can also happen in low lying landscapes, salt water can spoil fresh water for drinking and agricultural uses. A disastrous event like this would affect the welfare of many countries including Indonesia.

An estimated 1,500 islands are vulnerable to changes in sea levels. Studies from The Strait Times says these islands will be under water by 2050. Indonesia has already lost 24 islands between 2005 and 2007 to rising sea levels because of climate change found in the research from Marine Affairs and Fisheries report. Climate change is worse for Indonesia because of other economic factors in the country.

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