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- usefulness
- displayed behavior
- logical feat
- philosophical feat
- learning capacity
minimal or non-existent window for "emergence"
good window for "emergence"
"... any intelligent system must have access to a body with which to interact and learn from its environment ..." (Brooks, 1999)
"It can also be maintained that it is best to provide the machine with the best sense organs that money can buy,
and then teach it to understand and speak English. That process could follow the normal teaching of a child.
Things would be pointed out and named, etc."
(Turing, 1950).
mainly concerned with "directly instructing" the machine
Symbol grounding
how a symbol represent its actual meaning be it physical or abstract
e.g. box moved while it's in "Plan" phase
(http://www.ai.sri.com/shakey/)
everything can be represented as symbols
intelligence is the manipulation of these symbols
Shakey
Stanford Research Institute
1966-1972
"emergence"
the process of coming into existence or prominence
mid 17th century (in the sense ‘unforeseen
occurrence’): from medieval Latin emergentia, from -
Latin emergere 'bring to light'
(http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/emergence)
Swiss robot experiment
AI Lab - University of Zurich (1990s)
rule-oriented
Property of approach:
Good Old-Fashioned AI
Area of interest:
(elaborated later on)
Why not?
This is based on my own thinking.
It is my own classification, the way I look at approaches in AI.
Information presented here is not meant to be exhaustive.
And so, property-wise, the 2 approaches are:
I made up these words
Likewise any attempt to classify such diverse field, there are bound to be things in-between
mainly concerned with "indirectly instructing" the machine
"dictate"
control or decisively affect; determine
(http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dictate)
"liberate"
release (someone) from a situation which limits freedom of thought or behaviour
(http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/liberate)
Developmental Robotics
(controller-centered)
"Evolution"
the gradual development of something
(http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/evolution)
Evolutionary Algorithms
Evolutionary Robotics
(controller-centered)
Resilient Machines Through Continuous Self-Modeling
Josh Bongar, Viktor Zykov, Hod Lipson (2006)
Artificial Ontogeny
Recommended
reading
(Darwinian evolution)
Running Dog Robot Project
AI Lab - University of Zurich (2004)
Example of morphological computation in human:
reflex response (e.g. knee jerk reflex)
How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence
Rold Pfeifer, Josh Bongard
MIT Press, 2006
394 pages
http://www.icub.org/
http://eccerobot.org/