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The modern middle east

Across the middle east, leaders sought to build strong and prosperous nations. In the years since world war 2, each nation has faced different challenges.

Rich reserves of oil and natural gas were in some parts of the region. International divisions and autocratic governments hindered progress throughout the middle east

Parts of the middle east sit atop the worlds largest oil and gas reserves. Oil rich nations have prospered, but other middle eastern nations have struggled economically.

African nations gain independence

Five of the most important nations in Africa are: Ghana, Kenya, Algeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Nigeria.

In villages throughout Kenya, and in other new African nations, bands played new national anthems, and crowds cheered the good news, but as Africa celebrated their new found freedom, they also faced many challenges.

Some new African nations had peace and democracy. Others were plunged into crisis by civil war, military rule, or corrupt dictators. In recent years there has been a hopeful trend toward greater democracy in many African nations.

New nations of southeast Asia

Like Indonesia, the Philippines is a group of islands with a diversity of ethnic groups. The Philippines gained freedom peacefully after almost 50 years of American rule.

By world war 2, European nations and the U.S. had colonized much of southeast Asia.

Geography and diversity posed an obstacle to unity in Indonesia. Indonesia includes more than 13,000 islands, many very small but some as large as European nations.

Independent nations of south Asia

At the same time that the cold war was unfolding, a global independence movement was reshaping the world.

The congress party wanted a unified India that would include both Muslim and Hindus. The Muslim league feared discrimination against the Muslim minority in a unified India. The Muslim league demanded the creation of a separate nation called Pakistan.

In the 1970s, India launched a program to develop nuclear weapons. These actions prompted Pakistan to launch its own nuclear weapons program.

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