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Biology Mind Map

Cellular Mechanisms

The cell membrane forms a protective barrier around the cell and is designed to carry out a very important cellular mechanism - the process of allowing different substances to move through the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell. This process is called diffusion. Diffusion depends on the concentration of the substance on both sides of the cell membrane. Concentration is the amount of dissolved particles of substance, called solutes, in a solution. When a substance is present in different concentrations on either side of the cell membrane, the particles will diffuse, or move, from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Organ Systems

Animal and Plant Cells

Social and Ethical Issues

Organs that function together are organ systems. The two main plant organ systems are the shoot system and root system. Th four main human animal organ systems are the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems.

Animal cells - rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, nucleus, chromatin, cell membrane, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, cytoplasm, lysosome, mitochondrion, vacuole, and cytoskeleton.

Organs

Unit #1

Plant cells - nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, central vacuole, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, chloroplast, wall of adjacent cell, cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, nucleus, and chromatin.

An organ is an organized group of tissues that perform a specific function. The 4 main plant organs are the roots, leaves, stem and flower or fruit. The 4 main human animal organs are the skin, lung, heart, and organs of digestion (mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus).

  • Overall world supply of organs does not meet the demand.
  • Due to better health care, Canada's rate of organ donation is low, at about 14 organ donors to 1 million people.
  • Gene therapy replaces an absent or faulty gene with a normal gene.
  • Cloning creates a genetically identical organism that is an exact copy of a gene, cell, tissue, or organism.
  • Vegetative, propagation and grafting methods are used for cloning plants but cloning animals are surrounded by controversy.
  • Reproductive cloning involves the transfer of a nucleus from a donor body cell into an egg cell that has no nucleus.
  • Transgenic organisms contain the genes from other species.
  • The process of collecting sperm from a male and placing it in the reproductive system of a female is called artificial insemination.
  • The process of collecting sperm and eggs and placing them in a test tube so that fertilization occurs, is called in vitro fertilization.

Here we learn about Cells - The basic unit of life. The cell consists of 16+ different organelles. The amount and type varies on whether it is a plant or animal cell, since some organelles may only exist in a plant cell or vice versa.

The Microscope

1. You must carry a microscope by grasping the arm of the microscope with one hand, the base with the other.

2. Never use the coarse adjustment knob under a high power objective lens, because it can damage your eyes to look at something up close with a high magnification.

3. The two procedures you would have to do to properly store a microscope would be to lower the stage back to its original postions, and make sure the lenses are rotated to lowest power. Then you would wrap the cord around the bases so it does not get too tangled or loose.

Tissues, Organ and Systems of Living Things

Unit #3

Specialization and Stem Cells

Animal and Plant Tissues

Here, we learn about organs and organ systems in both plants and animals. We also learn about how interdependent these organ systems are.

Drawing Scientific Diagrams

Cells develop in different ways, meaning they undergo differentiation to perform particular functions in a process called cell specialization. A stem cell is an unspecialized cell. They are capable of becoming any cell in the human body. The two types of animal stem cells are embryonic and adult stem cells. Plant cells are called meristematic cells.

1. Give a title for your diagram at the top of the diagram. Always include the Figure # and a descriptive statement of what you are drawing.

2. Use pencil. Do not color diagrams. Shade areas if necessary.

3. Draw only one diagram on a page unless otherwise instructed by your teacher.

4. Label the parts or structures of the object on the diagram. Use a ruler to draw lines to connect the label to the part or structure.

5. Record the magnification of the drawing at the sides of the diagram.

Magnification is calculated by multiplying the power of the ocular lens times the power of the objective lens.

The 4 types of animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

The 4 types of plant tissues are meristematic, epidermal, ground and vascular.

This mind map focuses on units #1-4 of the SNC2D1 course. In this biology strand we have learned about animal and plant cells/tissues/organs/organ systems, the microscope, drawing scientific diagrams, the cell cycle, mitosis, cell division and cancer, specialization, stem cells and medical imaging technologies.

Medical Imaging Technologies

Cell Division

1. X-ray - High energy radiation that easily penetrates skin and tissues but not bone. Most common form of medical imaging.

2. X-ray Fluoroscopy - Technique that uses a continuous beam of X-rays to produce images that show movement of organs in the body. Patient might need to ingest a contrast liquid for the doctor to see organs clearly.

3. X-ray Radiotherapy - Uses x-rays to treat cancer by damaging the DNA/killing the cancer cells.

4. Ultrasound - Uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of body tissues and organs.

5. Computed Assisted Tomography - Uses x-ray equipment to form a 3D image from a series of images taken at different angles. Used to diagnose cancer, skeletal abnormalities, etc.

6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Uses powerful magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of the body. Diagnoses cancer, brain diseases, etc.

Cell division is essential for cell growth, cell repair and replacement, But when cell divide uncontrollably, they are called cancer cells.

Unit #4

The Cell Cycle

Unit #2

Here are some terms you should know regarding the cell cycle: cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, chromosomes, sister chromatids, first growth phase, synthesis phase, second growth phase, cytokinesis, apoptosis, and the phases of mitosis for a 3 chromosome cell (interphase, early prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytoknesis)

Here, we learn about medical imaging technologies and social and ethical issues in systems.

Here, we learn about how single cells transform into specialized cells and tissues. In this unit, it explains the process of the cell cycle, mitosis, cell division, cancer, specialization, and stem cells.

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