Art: Section II-V

• anthropology
• history
• sociology

Philosophical inquiry into the nature & expression of beauty

Explanation of current art events to the general public via the press

• chronological development
• compartive study
• cultural & historical context

• direct is best
• secondary is reproductions or descriptions
• look at associated studies (past & present)

• southeastern France
• discovered in 1994
• from 30,000 B.C.E.
• red ochre and black charcoal w/ limited yellow
• Animals = horses, rhinos, lions, buffalos, & mammoths

• 15,ooo-10,000 B.C.E.
• Lascaux & Altamira
• Animals + outlines of hands

• Early scholarship = spontaneous scribbling
• Later = skilled artists
• Function unclear; maybe hunting ceremonies or other rituals

• example of stone female figure with exaggerated bellies, breasts, & pubic areas
• 4 1/8 inch high
• different in undefined facial features, arms barely visible, & feet missing
• possible fertility figure

Christ Pantocrator

New Stone Age / Neolithic Period

• rings & rows of large stones
• 17 ft. high & 50 tons = "great stones" or "megalithic"
• Western Europe
• 4000 B.C.E.

• Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England
• Built in phases around 2100 B.C.E.
• Sarsen (sandstone) & "bluestones" (indigenous rocks)
• outer ring = post & lintel construction (2 upright pieces topped w/ crosspiece)
• next ring = bluestones that encircle horseshoe-shaped row of 5 lintel-topped sarsen stones
• northeast = vertical "heel-stone" = marker sun during midsummer solstice

• Founded by Yaroslav I (The Wise)
• 11th c.
• united Rus cities of Novgorod & Kiev
• intended as burial place
• Completed in 1037 after 20 years of work

• Nine-asile plan
• Exterior
• dramatic
• 13 rounded cupolas (domes) = different from Byzantine model
• Symbolic: Large dome surrounded by 12 smaller domes = Christ and his 12 apostles
• Interior
• Piers = division of space & emphasizes verticality
• 13th c. : Neglect and disrepair due to Mongol invasions
• 17th & 18th c.: restoration
• Soviet period to now: museum

• Byzantine influence
• Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) 16th c. cathedral in Constantinople
• Impressed Vladimir's emissaries
• Located in Kiev (capital of Ukraine)

• Hagia Sophia
• Kiev
• Yaroslav I
• 1037
• cupolas
• piers
• museum

Visual Analysis

• Central dome
• Christ
• mature with serious expression
• thin face with full beard
• gold halo = divine
• in left hand = jeweled book
• right hand = gesture of blessing or teaching
• wears a deep blue robe with gold highlights
• Abstract space
• no depth
• no recognizable location
• field of gold = heaven
• sense of stillness = blessing & judgment

• Hierarchical fashion that emphasizes flatness & stillness over depth & motion
• Archangels surround
• elaborate dress of imperial Byzantine court
• hold a standard = Hagios = Holy = 3X
• Below
• 12 apostles on drum
• Gospel writers on pendentives

• Central Dome
• Christ
• Abstract Space
• Archangels
• Hagios
• Gospel writers

Materials & Techniques

• Mosaic
• valued for durability & vivid colors
• Tessarae (small pieces of stone, glass, tile) arranged in patern
• Byzantine master artists traveled = mosaics thrived in Kievan Rus period
• declined with the rise of fresco & tempera painting

• Mosaic
• Tessarae
• Decline

Artistic Influence & Significance

• Christian pictorial arts
• spread quickly
• Greek artists traveled

One of the earliest surviving depictions on a monumental scale

• Byzantine
• Hagia Sophia
• Vladimir = visit by reps = selection of Eastern Orthodox Church
• Similar emphasis on
• abstracted space
• immobile, two-demensional figures
• use of gold

• Christ Pantocrator
• "Ruler of All" or "Almighty"
• son of god = judge of humanity
• commonly represented image of Orthodox Church
• usually located in main dome
• Catholic = Christ in Majesty

• Hagia Sophia (3)
• Monumental Scale
• Christian pictorial arts
• Christ Pantocrator
• Location
• Christ in Majesty

cathedral of st. Vasily

the blessed

overview

• consist of numberous churches

joined together on a single foundation

• known by man as, trinity church .names
• including ST. Basil,

basil, "fool" of Christ or Basil, Jerus

• St. vasily was an eccentric man with

compassion for the poor , canonized in 1588

his body was annex to the cathedral, giving it its

name.

official name: Cathedral of the Protecting Veil of the mother God.

• located at moscow's city center at the public plaza, Red square
• tallest building at the time of construction 1555-1560
• the colors are actually not original, the domes were originally
• painted in simple red, white, and gold.
• nessisary restorations over time have even changed the iconic onion to a more elaborate state than originally.
• unlike other buildings in moscow , Basil was made of Stone.

stalin turned Basil into a museum

and today it is still a museum.

basil

Moscow

red, white, gold

museum

stone

1588

Visual analysis

asymetric varied shapes make up the individual pillars

• 8 and 6 sided shapes with various hieghts ranging from 15 to 47 1/2 meters high.
• there are 9 churches all together joined by 2 gallaries, one which goes all around the perimeter of the churches.
• geometric forms such as diamonds, half circles, rectangles, stars, crosses and triangles decorate the exterior.
• the central structure has a simple tent roof with the iconic onion-shaped domes and a gold cross.
• the central dome is gold but the surrounding domes are green, ochre, blue an red.
• the domes also have great texture.

8 churches surround the center church.

9 churches

highest church 47 1/2 meters

geometric shapes

onion shaped domes.

conected by 2 galleries

architectural influence and significance.

st. Basil illustrated a truly unique Russian style in architecture

• not based on western European models of architecture

its most immediate prototypes were most likely wooden churches in Moscow , using simple technique but elaborate decoration.

• inspired by the church of the Ascension in Kolemskoe
• the dome shape was inspired by the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Kremlin.

architecture remained the same until the 18Th century introduction to western architecture.

russian style

cathedral of the Dormition in Kremlin

elaborate decoration

wooden churches

18th century

patronage and builders

Patroned by Ivan iv

(the Terrible)

constructed in commemoration of his victory

over the tartars at Kazan

• each church would be named after a saint thats

feast dates accord to important battle dates.

the individual churches represented a social belief that

god had helped the muskevites.

constucted in 1561.

Postnik and Barma were the architects(Barma could be a nick name for Postnik)

architects were indeed Russian.

They showed a Russian impulse in architecture

Postnik

saints

Ivan IV

1561

St. Isaac's Cathedral

Overview

• Architecture shows western influence
• Located on St. Isaac's Square, Middle of St. Petersburg
• Positioned Opposite of Marinsky Palace
• Palace was gift from Nicholas I to daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
• Proximity of them shows closeness of church and state
• Under Stalin, cathedral housed the museum of scientific atheism.
• Gold dome painted gray in WWII avoiding bombs
• Cathedral consecrated to ST. Isaac of Dalmatia
• Hermit lived near Constantinople
• Confrontations with Roman emporer Valens (r. 364-378)
• Valens closed churches and was preparing army to fight Visigoths
• Dalmatia prophesized if Valens went to war, he wouldn't come back, and would die by fire; CORRECT.
• Isaac passed his monastery to disciple Saint DALMATIUS

Stone

Marinsky Palace

Prophecy

Valens

Nicholas I

Patronage

• Initiated by Alexander I ( r.1801-25)
• Most of work done under Nicholas I (r. 1825-55)
• Finished under Alexander II (r. 1855-81)
• Peter the great born on feast day of Saint Isaac
• Peter and successors crafted moscow to look to west for inspiration
• showing progression
• Style represents enlightenment, and relation to church
• Auguste de Montferrand (1768-1858) named architect by contest
• Served in Bonaparte's army
• formal training limited, but also built monument to Alexander I (patron)
• Isaac's Cathedral was a lifelong project
• Interior plans not done until 1842
• Died 1858

Alex.Nick.Alex

St. Isaac's feast day

Montferrand

1842

Architectural Influences and significance

• Neoclassicism popular in 18th & 19th century France
• tastes shift to antiquity
• symmetry and austere promotes ideas of reason and order
• Montferrand Inspired by Antonio Palladios' 16th century Villa Rotunda; greek cross plan with large dome
• Similar but Isaac's was bigger
• Architecture away from traditional Russian; westward

Neoclassicism

Antonio Palladio

Westward

Visual Analysis

• Inside decorated; outside mostly gray stone
• Architecture is neoclassical, plan based on Greek Cross
• 101.5 meter gold dome
• 4 Smaller domes with lanterns; also gold
• Red Finnish Granite on Corinthian Pillars, window frames, lanterns, and rotunda
• relief sculpture used; used on bronze doors
• Doors are transition to inside
• ring of angels surrounding the Rotunda

101.5 meters

Red Finnish Granite

neoclassical

corinthian

greek cross

Christ in Glory

Overview

42 1/2 x30 in

• smaller than Christ Pantocrator
• inspiring worshipers to reflect on aspect of God

chris wears an Elaborate folder robe

• hand up in 2 finger gesture of blessing
• an open book, diplaying god as the teacher

words traslate to" come to me and be judged justly"

• golden halo with a Greak cross surounding his head
• strong graphic colors and geometric shapes surround the figure
• christ sits on a thrown, underneath him is a small cushion
• innacurate shading to depict folds
• angels fill the green oval, surounding him

the animal on the upper left : Mathew

upper right: John the Evangelist

winged ox on lower right: Luke

winged lion lower right: gospel witter Mark

42and1/2 by 30

"come to me and be judged

justly"

luke, Mark , John, and Mattew

• in novgorad, where the mongols didn't hit, mostly because of surrounding marshland.
• has the novgorad distinctive syle
• solid sparce image,simple, long lines, large with more detailed shapes: flat , geometric patterns and liberal use of brown red,and orange-yellow (ochre)

iconography

icon come from the greak Eikwv (

eikin"

wordlessly educate the illiterate

remains popular in Russia after Vladimir's

conversion, importing Byzantine artist,

expect in the 600 year-old tradition

• on the iconostasis "icon screen", a wall separating the clerical sanctuary and the congregational gathering(nave), an important design element for churches.
• 5 groups of iconography: Christ, Christ.s Mother Mary, Feast days and festivals, angels, and saints
• iconographers we revealing an already existing image.
• specific image in Specific way.
• draw viewers out of the real world and into divine concept of Church

painted on wood with Tempora paint, paint with an egg yolk base.

• topped with an oil-based varnish
• used Lapis Luzuli,blue, for the almond shaped intersection of 2 circles , Mandorola.

tempora is expensive, dries quickly, and difficult to match but has great longevity

Visual Analysis

compared to Chris Pantocrator;

• flatter face
• proportions of body, particularly the neck are elongated

emphasis on Divine non human nature of Christ by angels, symbols and background.

lines and colors lead the viewer to Christ

Novgorod

flatter face, and elongated neck

tempora

wood

teach the illiterate

iconostasis

nave

David & Jacks

Section Two

Christian Art & Architecture

Background

Taboo Review

1470-99

Materials and Techniques

Overview

Artstic influence and significance

St. Sophia Cathedral

ART

Resource Guide

Introduction to Art History

Art

Facade of the Northern Pavilion of the Small Heritage

social, cultural, & economic contexts

Academic Decathlon

Art History

Architects' Biographies

• Small Hermitage designed by 2 architects:

Yury Velten (1730-1801)

• Born to a family of German immigrants

• Studied architecture in both Germany & Russia

• Worked as asst. from 1752-1762 to Rastrelli on construction of Winter Palace

Architecture

Overview

• Was a court architect

Greek & Roman Art

Jean-Baptiste Vallin

de la Mothe (1729-1800)

Patronage

• Created as a refuge from Winter Palace (official residence of Romanov tsars) for Catherine II

• Born in France, but spent active part of career in St. Petersburg working for Catherine II

Art Criticism

• Trained in France, one of his 1st important works was a design for the Imperial Academy of Arts

Aesthetics

• Catherine II intended the Hermitage to have informal design for social activity (stems from her interest in culture of salons in France)

• Court architect in 1766

• Restrained, neoclassical style

• Also used as a place to display & store her art

The Nature of Art Historical Inquiry

Visual Analysis

Art history often uses...

• Hermitage: Used by Elizabeth (predecessor to Catherine II) to describe rooms used a personal retreat

Winter Palace

• Became ultimate symbol of autocratic rule & was based on Peter the Great's vision of a Westernized city

• Past: Hermitage= small palace structure adjacent to Winter Palace (Small Hermitage)
• Present: Hermitage= museum housing one of the world's greatest art collections
• 2 pavilions (Northern & Southern) joined by hanging gardens
• Southern Pavilion (Constructed 1765-66) Velten
• Northern Pavilion (completed between 1767 and 1769) Vallin de la Mothe

• Construction began in 1711-1712 and Peter employed the architect Domenico Trazzini (1670-1734)

• Façade = Baroque (Petrine) style
• Interioir= Neoclassical or Rococo

• Designed by various people, including Georg Johann Mattarnovi and later, Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli

Northern Pavilion

Architectural Influence and Significance

formal analysis

• Strict symmetry (like the Winter Palace) & columns create rhythm
• Compact in form
• Relative Height strong sense of verticality
• Vallin de la Mothe used tall windows w/ rounded arches on 1st and 2nd stories
• Sic-columned portico
• Corinthian columns provide visual link to Winter Palace
• Sparse decoration allows structure of building to remain visible

• individual stories w/ bias
• broader views as a result of gender & multicultural emphasis
• less emphasis on the geniuses on more on "visual culture"

INSPIRED BY

• "The Lives of the Artists"
• Bios that explored the changing roles of the artist during the Renaissance

• Vallin de la Mothe wanted small building to "harmonize" w/ larger Winter Palace
• Small Hermitage Winter Palace Palace of Versailles
• All 3 buildings are linked by classical architecture from ancient Greece and Rome

Contemporary...

Giorgio Vasari

Pliny the Elder

18th C.

Taboo Review

• outside of the work (both when it was created & when it was later consumed)
• Focuses on cultural, social, religious, & economic context
• Patronage, access, cost, subject matter, etc.

• Roman historian
• "Natural History"

Academic Discipline

• visual qualities = intrinsic meaning
• requires skills in observation & description
• focus on object itself

• Enlightenment
• Johan Joachim Winckelmann
• German scholar
• Focused on style in relation to context

• Palace of Versailles
• Classical Architecture

• Yury Velten
• Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe
• Imperial Academy of Arts

• Hermitage Vs. Small Hermitage (distinction)
• pavilions
• Six-columned portico
• 1767-1769

• Hermitage
• Winter Palace
• Domenico Trazzini
• Georg Johann Mattarnovi
• Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
• Petrine

The Development of Art History

contextual analysis

Section One

Step Two

Sources, Documents, & The Work of Art Historians

investigate context of work

Western World Art

Step One

Close examination of work

El Rancho High School

2012

Ancient Civilizations

Patronage

• Commissioned by Catherine the Great
• Installed in 1782
• Inscribed "Petro Primo Catharina Secunda MDCCLXXXII" (Latin)
• Translated "Catherine the Second to Peter the First, 1782"
• Russian equivalent written in Cryllic

Chauvet Cave

Overview

Location

• Statue looks out on the River Neva, the location of Peter the Great's first home
• close to the Winter Palace and the Hermitage
• In front of St. Isaacs Cathedral
• Admirality Building (Northeast of Sculpture), Senate and Synod Buildings (West Side of Square)
• Located in Senates Square (Previously Decembrists Square- named after the 1825 revolt)

• Catherine the Great
• 1782
• Cryllic
• River Neva
• Senate Square
• 1825
• The Bronze Horseman

Contextual Analysis

• Known as The Bronze Horseman
• In 1883, Pushkin published a poem referring to Peter the Great as "The Bronze Horseman"
• Peter achieved iconic status in Saint Petersburg
• According to popular belief, the sculpture plays a protective role for the city

Catherine the Great

1782

Cryllic

River Neva

Senate Square

1825

The Bronze Horseman

• people moved outside & started using rock shelters
• 7000 B.C.E. - 4000 B.C.E.
• similar = animals
• different = human figure alone & in groups, emphasis on scenes

Peter (4)

Horse (2)

Warmer weather...

• Cast Bronze
• Red Granite
• Thunder Rock
• One and a half tons

Old Stone Age / Upper Paleothic Period

Middle Stone Age / Mesolithic Period

Artists

• French Sculptor Etienne-Maurice Falconet selected be Cathrine the Great
• Became a member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1754
• Produced sculptures in the Rococo style
• Pupil Anne-Marie Collot crafted Peter the Greats Face, using his death mask as a model
• Collot became an excellent portraitist who created busts of Famous artists, philosophers, and nobility

France & Spain

Techniques and Materials

Sculpture

• 25 feet high
• Made of Cast Bronze using the lost-wax casting technique
• The mold broke at one point while casting, causing a fire

Pedestal

• 25 feet high
• One and a half tons
• Carved from a Red Granite Boulder (Thunder Stone)
• Believed to be formed when it was struck be lightning
• Found near the Gulf of Finland in 1768

• Cast Bronze
• Red Granite
• Thunder Stone
• One and a half tons

Artistic Influences

• Sculpture of Roman leader Marcus Aurelius is a clear Prototype
• No Armor = Peace and not war
• Outstretched Hand = blessing or clemency
• Horse = State
• Leader on Horseback = his control over state
• The horse is agitated, for it is up on hind legs, showing the difficulty of leadership

Artistic Influence and Significance

Monument to Peter the Great

• Etienne-Maurice Falconet
• Academie des Beau-Arts
• Anne-Marie Collot
• Marcus Arelius
• Outstretched hand
• Armor
• Horse Stance

Venus (or Woman) of Willendorf)

Stonehenge

• Located b/w Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
• Developed writing & arts (parallel w/ Egypt)
• Fewer examples
• Lacked natural barriers = vulnerable
• perishable materials

Ancient Mesopotamian

• Peter (4)
• Horse (2)

Peter

• Calm expression
• Right Hand extended towards River
• Clothed in classical Attire
• Wears a laurel wreath on head

Equestrian Monument

Horse

• Trampling a Snake
• Rears up on Hind Legs

Visual Analysis

Byzantine & Medieval Art

Taboo Review

• Historical Context
• civil strife = Church preservation of art
• population = illeterate
• language = Latin = monasteries copied books chained to tables
• Examples
• Book of Kells
• Coronation Gospels

Byzantine

Early Medieval

• Historical Context
• Fall of Roman Empire = waring kingdoms except in Byzantium
• Characteristics
• Large mosaic murals
• Christian content
• Examples
• Ravenna
• present-day Italy
• Hagia Sophia
• Constantinople

• Nomadic Germanic peoples
• metalwork
• abstract, decorative, geometric
• small-scale portable jewelry or ornaments
• Vikings in Scandinavia
• wood
• designs on ships
• merged with Anglo-Saxon England and Celtic Ireland = Hiberno-Saxon

Renaissance

• Hagia Sophia (3)
• Monumental Scale
• Christian pictorial arts
• Christ Pantocrator
• Location
• Christ in Majesty

• Mosaic
• Tessarae
• Decline

• Hagia Sophia
• Kiev
• Yaroslav I
• 1037
• cupolas
• piers
• museum

• Central Dome
• Christ
• Abstract Space
• Archangels
• Hagios
• Gospel writers

Medieval

• Nine-asile plan
• Exterior
• dramatic
• 13 rounded cupolas (domes) = different from Byzantine model
• Symbolic: Large dome surrounded by 12 smaller domes = Christ and his 12 apostles
• Interior
• Piers = division of space & emphasizes verticality
• 13th c. : Neglect and disrepair due to Mongol invasions
• 17th & 18th c.: restoration
• Soviet period to now: museum

• Gothic
• 12-6 C.
• pointed arches
• ribbed vaults = framework of thin stone ribs/arches built into ceiling
• flying buttresses = additional bracing material & arches on the exterior
• allowed for larger windows = stained glass
• Chartres Cathedral in France
• arches direct attention heavenward

• Church architecture
• took century to complete
• Roman arch = Romanesque
• stone vaulted to replace flammable wooden roofs
• barrel vault = tunnel of arches
• window & door openings small
• Example
• Sain-Sernin in Toulouse, France

Late Medieval

Overview

• Central dome
• Christ
• mature with serious expression
• thin face with full beard
• gold halo = divine
• in left hand = jeweled book
• right hand = gesture of blessing or teaching
• wears a deep blue robe with gold highlights
• Abstract space
• no depth
• no recognizable location
• field of gold = heaven
• sense of stillness = blessing & judgment

• Hierarchical fashion that emphasizes flatness & stillness over depth & motion
• Archangels surround
• elaborate dress of imperial Byzantine court
• hold a standard = Hagios = Holy = 3X
• Below
• 12 apostles on drum
• Gospel writers on pendentives

• Boris Zvorykin
• 1925
• Based on popular Russian folk tales

• Byzantine influence
• Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) 16th c. cathedral in Constantinople
• Impressed Vladimir's emissaries
• Located in Kiev (capital of Ukraine)

Visual Analysis

• Different from Baroque
• celebration of romance and grand life
• used gold & pastel colors

Artists

Different from Renaissance...

• less static, more movement/
• political: conflicts bw empires
• appealed to emotions
• influenced by the Counter Reformation
• dramatic, ornamentation

Taboo Review

• Watteau
• fete galante
• nobility in elegant contemporary dress in the countryside
• Boucher
• fave of Madame Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV
• myth transformed into courtly gallantry & nudes
• Fragonard
• promoted by Madame Pompadour

Politics

• divine right
• Maria Theresa of Austria, Peter the Great & Catherine the Great of Russia, Louis XIV of France
• wealth inequality led to Enlightenment (Rousseau)
• patrons = wealthy

Rococo

• Historical Context = French Revolution, Enlightenment
• Revival of classical Greece & Rome
• Artists
• Jacques Louis David
• Oath of the Horatii
• master of ceremonies for rallies during FR
• dedicated painter to Napoleon = propaganda
• Characteristics
• sharp outlines, unemotional figures, careful geometric composition

Neoclassicism

L'oiseau De Feu

• Hagia Sophia (3)
• Monumental Scale
• Christian pictorial arts
• Christ Pantocrator
• Location
• Christ in Majesty

Late 16th - Mid 18th C

• Mosaic
• Tessarae
• Decline

• Hagia Sophia
• Kiev
• Yaroslav I
• 1037
• cupolas
• piers
• museum

Tsarevich Ivan On The Horse With The Golden Mane Of Tsar Afron

chiaroscuro

• Central Dome
• Christ
• Abstract Space
• Archangels
• Hagios
• Gospel writers

Baroque

Italy

• Peter Paul Rubens
• Flanders
• Rembrandt
• Dutch
• painter, printmaker, draftsmen
• The Night Watch = Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard
• people paid to be in = broke rules by grouping in a way to show more importance to some
• died in poverty
• self-portraits = great

• Caravaggio
• caravaggesque
• naturalism
• Gentileschi
• daughter of painter
• self-portraits, Old Testament women
• Bernini
• son of sculptor
• child prodigy -> Pope recognized @ 17
• sculptor, architect, painter, draftsman, theater
• Ecstasy of Saint Teresa @ Cornaro Chapel
• stained-glass window -> gold lighting
• pushed use of marble to new limits -> naturalistic

France

North

• peak
• Versailles
• Salon
• annual exhibition of art
• selected/supported by Louis XIV
• Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture
• imposed aesthetic standards

• Characteristics
• emotional like Baroque
• highly imaginative, dreamlike
• feeling over reason
• natural setting
• Artists
• Delacroix
• exotic themes & foreign settings
• violence involving animals
• historical subject matter
• William Blake
• Gericault

Romanticism

Artistic Influence & Significance

Rococo, Neoclassicism, & Romanticism

• Nine-asile plan
• Exterior
• dramatic
• 13 rounded cupolas (domes) = different from Byzantine model
• Symbolic: Large dome surrounded by 12 smaller domes = Christ and his 12 apostles
• Interior
• Piers = division of space & emphasizes verticality
• 13th c. : Neglect and disrepair due to Mongol invasions
• 17th & 18th c.: restoration
• Soviet period to now: museum

• Christ Pantocrator
• "Ruler of All" or "Almighty"
• son of god = judge of humanity
• commonly represented image of Orthodox Church
• usually located in main dome
• Catholic = Christ in Majesty

• Philip IV
• Diego Velazquez
• contemporary of Bernini
• built figures from patches of color
• influenced impressionism

Overview

• Central dome
• Christ
• mature with serious expression
• thin face with full beard
• gold halo = divine
• in left hand = jeweled book
• right hand = gesture of blessing or teaching
• wears a deep blue robe with gold highlights
• Abstract space
• no depth
• no recognizable location
• field of gold = heaven
• sense of stillness = blessing & judgment

Spain

• Christian pictorial arts
• spread quickly
• Greek artists traveled

Materials & Techniques

• Hierarchical fashion that emphasizes flatness & stillness over depth & motion
• Archangels surround
• elaborate dress of imperial Byzantine court
• hold a standard = Hagios = Holy = 3X
• Below
• 12 apostles on drum
• Gospel writers on pendentives

• Gouache, metallic inks, black ink, heightened with white over graphite
• valued for durability & vivid colors
• Tessarae (small pieces of stone, glass, tile) arranged in patern
• Byzantine master artists traveled = mosaics thrived in Kievan Rus period
• declined with the rise of fresco & tempera painting

• Made For Anna Pavlova
• Born in Ligovo (St. Petersburg) 1881
• Career in dance offered escape from poverty
• Graduated from Imperial Ballet

• Byzantine
• Hagia Sophia
• Vladimir = visit by reps = selection of Eastern Orthodox Church
• Similar emphasis on
• abstracted space
• immobile, two-demensional figures
• use of gold

• Founded by Yaroslav I (The Wise)
• 11th c.
• united Rus cities of Novgorod & Kiev
• intended as burial place
• Completed in 1037 after 20 years of work

One of the earliest surviving depictions on a monumental scale

Visual Analysis

Impressionism

Post-Impressionsim & 19th C.

• reaction to Neoclassicism & Romanticism
• painting must illustrate all features of ordinary life
• Artists
• Gustave Courbet
• The Stonebreakers
• outraged people with painting of ordinary workmen at the Salon
• political context = revolutions of 1848
• Honore Daumier
• Millet

Realism

Modernism & Abstraction

TUTU worn in -

LE MORT DU CYGNE

• Uspet with rules of Salons
• Manet
• 1st but refused to consider himself as one
• juxtaposed bright, contrasting colors
• Le Dejeuner sur L'herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)
• Salon des Refuses = exhibit
• ridiculed bc it went against the norm of only having classical figures in the nude
• had a classical subject matter but it showed clothed men with a nude woman

• Camera
• questioned need to capture ordinary life
• chemically based paints & paint tube
• paint outdoors
• global exploration & colonialism
• Edgar Degas
• snapshot style of photography w/ Japanese-like perspective

• Dutch
• contrasting color & direct application of paint = goal of capturing light in southern France
• vigorous brushwork = intense response
• colors should be intensified to portray human emotions
• Night Cafe
• jarring yellows, greens, and reds = considered place of vice

• Monet
• name source = Impression Sunrise = exhibit to ridicule Salons
• urged artists to work outdoors = advances in portability of medium
• put colors directly on cavas with rapid strokes to capture changing light
• new studies @ time = shadows aren't gray but reflect the complementary color of the object casting them
• Other artists
• Pissaro
• Sisley

Van Gogh

• dissatisfied with lack of solid form in Impressionsim
• redifined art in terms of form
• structured as a series of planes w/ a clear foreground, middle ground, and background
• objects can be reduced to simplest forms = cubes, spheres, cones, etc.
• let to Cubism

[The Dying Swan]

Cezane

Gauguin

Artistic Influence & Significance

Seurat

Realism & Impressionism

• Pre-Raphaelites
• England
• dissatisfied with the effects of Industrial Revolution
• attempted to return to simpler forms of pre-Renaissance art
• blended Romantic, archaic, & moralistic elements
• Art Nouveau
• 19-20th C.
• style of decoration, architecture, & design characterized by the depiction of leaves & flowers in flowing, sinous lines

• Christ Pantocrator
• "Ruler of All" or "Almighty"
• son of god = judge of humanity
• commonly represented image of Orthodox Church
• usually located in main dome
• Catholic = Christ in Majesty

• successful stockbroker
• left wife & family in 40s to become an artist
• worked with van Gogh
• Tahiti = searched for intense color & "unschooled" style
• painted lush landscape, native people, through lens of colonialism

Isaac & Robert

• emphasis on scientific rules of color
• small dots of complementary colors that blended = optical mixing

• Christian pictorial arts
• spread quickly
• Greek artists traveled

Materials & Techniques

• Mosaic
• valued for durability & vivid colors
• Tessarae (small pieces of stone, glass, tile) arranged in patern
• Byzantine master artists traveled = mosaics thrived in Kievan Rus period
• declined with the rise of fresco & tempera painting

• Byzantine
• Hagia Sophia
• Vladimir = visit by reps = selection of Eastern Orthodox Church
• Similar emphasis on
• abstracted space
• immobile, two-demensional figures
• use of gold

One of the earliest surviving depictions on a monumental scale

Taboo Review

Pop Art, Minimalism, & Photorealism

Section Four

Earthworks, Installations, & Performance

Etienne-Maurice Falconet

Academie des Beau-Arts

Anne-Marie Collot

Marcus Arelius

Outstretched hand

Armor

Horse Stance

Artist Bio

• Born near Vitebsk (now in Belarus)
• large Hasidic Jewish pop.
• 1906: relocated to Sint Petersburg
• 1908: studied with Leon Bakst at the Zvantseva School of Drawing and Painting
• 1910: traveled to Paris
• befriended members of avante-garde Guillaume Apollinaire and Fernand Léger
• began developing own style inspired by Cubism and other modernist movements
• 1913: exhibited with Cubists
• Bella Rosenfeld (1895-1944)
• Born from a prominent Jewish family in Vitebsk
• Met Chagall in 1909
• 1915: Chagall returned to Vitebsk to marry her
• 1914: critical acclaim at solo exhibition in Berlin

• After 1917 Rev., he obtained position as art director for Vitebsk
• 1923: He and his wife left Russia for France
• 1941: Chagall and family flee Europe and go to New York b/c of Nazis
• 1944: Wife dies of untreated infection due to medicine shortage
• 1946: has retrospective at Museum of Modern Art
• Upon his return to France (Cote d'Azur,) he has child with Virginia Haggard
• 1956: marries Valentina Brodsky, a Russian woman who tries to no avail to convert Chagall to Christianity
• 1973: returns to Russia with special invitation from the Soviet gov't
• Stained-glass windows: most important artistic contribution in his late career
• 1985: dies at home in Saint-Paul de Vence, FR

TABOO REVIEW

1941

Ivan Nikolaevich Tereschenko

St Petersburg

1877

Peredvizhniki

Ivan the Terrible

Vsevolod Garshin

Insanity + Tragedy + Social moral codes

Intelligentsia

Russo-Turkish War

A Red Flower

1888

Imperial Academy of Arts

Academian

Peredvizhniki

The Bargemen of the Volga

Burlaks

Impressionism

Edgar Degas

Neutral tones

Intense expression

Somber, black jacket

Non-secular interest

Marc Chagall

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I and The Village

THE MOTHERLAND CALLS

VSEVOLDO MIKHAILOVICH GARSHIN

Section Three

Artistic Style

• Naturalistic Painter
• illusion of recession into space
• Focuses on large scale scenes and portraits
• Realistic Paintings of Russian working class
• The Bargemen of the Volga (1870-73)
• Most important painting
• Depicts burlaks (men hired to haul barge up the Volga)
• Message = Social inequalities

Works Include:

• A Red Flower (1887)
• Four Days (1887)

Artist: Ilya Repin

• Born 1884 in Chuguyev
• impoverished family
• Studied at Imperial Academy of Arts (1860's)
• Studied Abroad to Rome, Paris, and Vienna
• 1876: Became Academian
• Professor of Historical Painting 1894 - 1907
• Belonged to Peredvizhkiki
• Painted Alexey Pisemksy, Leo Tolstoy,

Vladimir Stasov and Modest Mussorgsky

Artist

OVERVIEW

Vsevolod Garshin and

the Cult in His Image

• Subject Matter: Vsevolod Garshin (1855-1888)
• Popular Author
• 28-years-old
• Suffered from mental illness
• Only 22 published stories
• Stories include insanity, tragedy, and social moral codes
• Popular for romantic + tragic artist
• soldier for Russo-Turkish War
• Brother + father die = depression
• Committed suicide in 1888
• Audience = Russian intelligentsia admirers
• Painting:
• melancholy expression
• burning gaze
• connection of Physical Appearance + Psychological State = creative mind

Gouche and colored pencil on gelatin silver print

Peredvizhniki (The Wanderers, The Itinerants, or The Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions)

• Radical art group
• Challenged academic conventions
• Art: reflects Russian social conditions
• Portray gentry in rural areas
• Work displayed in many provincial areas

leads to social change

Ilya Repin 1884 Oil on canvas

Visual Analysis

Contextual

Analysis

Appearance

Patron: Ivan Nikolaevich Tereschenko

• Wealthy entrepreneur and

art patron from Kiev

• Simple, somber, black jacket
• Full, dark beard
• Dark, disheveled, curly hair
• Intense expression
• Slightly watery, sad eyes

Repin and Garshin met in 1880's

• Garshin posed as Ivan the Terrible's

dying son in 1885

Ivan the Terrible painting:

political critique of unchecked power

Unchecked Power = corruption + insanity

Background

Style/Theme

Exhibition in 1877

St Petersburg w/

Peredvizhniki art

• Disorderly desk
• Piles of books and papers
• Utilitarian desk
• Unadorned Background

• Not interested in worldly matters
• Intellect > frivolous + decorative
• Palette includes neutral tones
• Loose, impressionistic brushstrokes
• French impressionist influence
• Edgar Degas (1834 - 1917)

Emphasizes progressive politics

popular in literary circles

Jacob & Mogly

Monse & Jesse & Brian

Art and Architecture of the Russian Empire

Section Five