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Final Project - Rabbit Dissection

By zora & Jacy

Ethics of dissection

Human digestive system

Rabbit Vs Human

Reference

The human digestive system is more complex than other living things.

The digestive process begins in the mouth.Food is partly broken down by the process of chewing and by the chemical action of salivary enzymes.After being chewed and swallowed, the food enters the esophagus and travel to the stomach. The human stomach is a large, sack-like organ that churns the food and bathes it in a very strong acid (gastric acid).Food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids is called chyme.Other digestive enzymes produced by the inner wall of the small intestine help in the breakdown of food.In the large intestine, some of the water and electrolytes (chemicals like sodium) are removed from the food.Many microbes in the large intestine help in the digestion process.(“Human Digestive System” n.d)

Comparison of digestive system

Rabbits digestive system:

Rabbits digestive system Vs Human digestive system

  • The human digestive process is starting from the mouth, but not the same with rabbits. (Used six incisors and passed food onto the back molar teeth, where it is chewed into small particles and swallowed.) For human use the latter part of molars more frequently in the process of chewing.
  • Because humans are higher mammals animals and have many organs,the stomach is occupying the proportion of is not large. However, the total volume of the rabbit's stomach is ten to twenty percent.
  • Rabbit stomach was thin and less flexibility, so that the rabbit is not vomiting. The main function is to store food in the stomach and guide food into the small intestine and absorb.
  • Human stomach has strong acid and is the most important place to digest. Rabbit digestion most important is that the cecum. The cecum in a human digestive system is a tiny useless appendage without any function.
  • Rabbit eventually excreted secretions from the colon, but the human is from the rectum.
  • Human small intestine is six to seven meters in length. Rabbit small intestine is about three meters.

Zora

I'm sorry about doing the dissection with real rabbit . Although this way is very cruel it can help us detailed observations and learn the structure of the rabbit. Now the era is well developed, but not all of the information can all be queried. Even on the books, videos and pictures message spread of Internet also come after dissection that use of real animals. Although there are no people advocated humane and compassion for life in animal dissection. But this order to better understand and learn, personally get anatomy can observe and learn truly useful stuff. Own hand to touch have a different feeling of watching the video. Although I believe that the anatomy of animals is cruel for experiments, but does not mean we do not respect those sacrificed animals. Learn useful knowledge, carefully dissected and using formal dissection tool, I think that is the expression of respect for the sacrifice of animals.We respect the life to achieve experimental study of sacrifice.The animal that been dissected were not be wasted, and they let us get valuable knowledge and valuable experience.

Jacy

Although using real animals to learn is cruel and some might say that it is inhuman, it is worth to do that. Pictures in books and videos on the Internet are not able to make people observe what they want clearly because they can only provide people limited information of certain angles. For instance, people can know what do the organs look like and the location in their body through pictures, however the real size of the organs cannot be tell through pictures since the pictures are printed. What’s more, dissection offers the opportunity of touching and observing whatever we want. Therefore, The advantages of dissention outweigh the disrespect that it can cause. As to the use of dissection equipment, it is important to use the tools properly because respect should be shown from it. For example, use scissors to shear the rabbit’s belly and use the T-pins to make the rabbit immovable. These might respect the rabbit, since it does not seem like the rabbit is being maltreat.

Jacy

  • Beef Cow Digestive System. Thecattlemanmagazine.com. (2015). Retrieved 12 December 2015, from http://www.thecattlemanmagazine.com/archives/2012/november/cows-digestive-systemhtml
  • Circulatory System of a Cow | Edu-Resource.com .Edu-resource.com. (2015). Retrieved 12 December 2015, from http://www.edu-resource.com/circulatory-system-of-a-cow.html
  • Pubs.ext.vt.edu. (2015). Retrieved 12 December 2015, from https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-010/400-010_pdf.pdf
  • Rabbit Anatomy - Body Systems & Functions. Just Rabbits.com. (2015). Retrieved 12 December 2015, from http://www.justrabbits.com/rabbit-anatomy.html#cardiovascular
  • Rabbit Care. Petstation.com. (2016). Retrieved 11 January from http://www.petstation.com/rabbitcare.html
  • The Digestive System of the Rabbit. extension.org. (2016). Retrieved 11 January from http://articles.extension.org/pages/61402/the-digestive-system-of-the-rabbit
  • Animal Structure & Function. Waikato.ac.nz. (2016). Retrieved 11 January from http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/farm/content/animalstructure.html
  • Insight Into Rabbit Eye Diseases. Vettimes.co.uk. (2013). Retrieved 11 January from http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/insight-into-rabbit-eye-diseases/
  • Resting Heart Rate. Merckvetmanal.com. (2015). Retrieved 11 January from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/appendixes/reference_guides/resting_heart_rates.html

The most interesting parts of a rabbit's body are the digestive system,because their digestive system can process many indigestible plant and extract nutrients. This talent help rabbit can luckily survive around the world.(“Exploring a Rabbit's Unique Digestive System” n.d)“The digestive process begins in the rabbit's mouth.The rabbit's lips grab the plant and then the front teeth called incisors(four upper and two lower)neatly slices off pieces of plant matter.”“The food travels down the oesophagus, into the stomach, and on to the small intestine. Rabbits have a very large blind sac called a cecum that is located where the small intestine and the large intestine join together.This would be in the same place as our appendix, but in the rabbit this organ is very large and contains a wonderfully diverse population of healthy bacteria, yeast, and other organisms working to help the rabbit digest his food.”(“Exploring a Rabbit's Unique Digestive System” n.d)The colon passes dropping out of the body as waste.(“How the Rabbit Digestive System Works” n.d)

Comparison of circulatory system

Rabbit circulatory system:

The circulatory system of rabbit is closed type ie, the blood flows through blood vessels only. The left side pumps the blood to the body, and the right side pumps blood to the lungs. So the left side is more powerful than the right as it needs to generate enough pressure to pump blood around the entire body of the rabbit.

-Rabbit's heart(external structure)

The heart of rabbit is conical, muscular and lies in thoracic cavity between the two lungs.

A narrow space is left between the two pericardial layers called pericardial cavity that is filled by pericardial fluid.

The pericardial fluid helps in protection of the heart from external shocks and injuries.(“Rabbit Anatomy- Rabbit Body System” n.d)

Comparison of urinary system

Human urinary system

Human circulatory system

Rabbits urinary system Vs Human urinary system

Rabbit circulatory system Vs

Human circulatory system

Rabbits urinary system

The human circulatory system consists of three independent systems that work together: the heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary), and arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels (systemic).The system is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and as well as hormones to and from cells.An average adult has 5 to 6 quarts (4.7 to 5.6 liters) of blood, which is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers.Located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone, it pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovas- cular system.Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart through the body.Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.The superior vena cava carries oxygen-poor blood into the heart.The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to organs and tissues.(“Diagram of the Human Circulatory System” by Ross Toro, March 01, 2013)

After urine has been produced by the kidneys, it is transported through the ureters to the urinary bladder.The urinary bladder fills with urine and stores it until the body is ready for its excretion.When the volume of the urinary bladder reaches anywhere from 150 to 400 milliliters, its walls begin to stretch and stretch receptors in its walls send signals to the brain and spinal cord .(” Urinary System” n.d)

-The heart is small relative to total body size, comprising only 0.3% of the total body weight. The human heart makes up only 0.5% of total body weight.(“Cardiovascular Medicine” James T Willerson, Jay N. Cohn, Hein J.J. Wellens, David R. Holmes, Jr.Springer Science & Business Media, Dec 6, 2007)

-The average heart rate for a man is 72bpm. A rabbit has 205bpm.(“Rabbit Anatomy- Rabbit Body System” n.d)

-There are 2 primary circulatory loops in the human body: the pulmonary circulation loop and the systemic circulation loop.

The urinary system(also called excretory system) of a rabbit includes the kidneys and bladder and is responsible for removing waste from the body. The urinary tract of the rabbit is similar to that of other mammals. There are two kidneys (one each on the left and right side of the body). The kidneys are responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, and urine is diluted or concentrated. Urine is formed as blood goes into the kidneys and is filtered of waste products.When the rabbit is ready to urinate, the muscles of the bladder contract and the sphincter at the exit hole relaxes and urine is expressed out of the bladder and through the urethra and to the outside of the body.(“Rabbit Anatomy- Rabbit Body System” n.d)

-The kidneys maintain the homeostasis of several important internal conditions by controlling the excretion of substances out of the body.

-The kidneys monitor the body's blood pressure to help maintain homeostasis. The kidneys monitor and regulate the levels of hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions in the blood to control blood pH.

Reference

Zora

  • Exploring a Rabbit's Unique Digestive System. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2016, from http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/exploring-a-rabbits-unique-digestive-system.html
  • How the Rabbit Digestive System Works. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2016, from http://www.therabbithouse.com/diet/rabbit-digestive-system.asp
  • Human Digestive System - EnchantedLearning.com. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2016, from http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/digestive/
  • Rabbit Anatomy - Body Systems & Functions. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2016, from http://www.justrabbits.com/rabbit-anatomy.html#gs.dxBv444
  • Toro, B. (2013, March 1). Diagram of the Human Circulatory System (Infographic). Retrieved January 9, 2016, from http://www.livescience.com/27585-human-body-system-circulation-infographic.html
  • Urinary System. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2016, from http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html

Rabbit Vs Cow

Cow is ruminant which has four compartments of stomach while rabbit is monogastric that has one-compartments stomach (Hall, Silver, 2009). Besides, it takes 1 to 3 days for food to pass through cow’s digestive tract whilst food only remains a few hours in rabbit’s stomach (“Rabbit Anatomy- Rabbit Body System”, 2015).

Rabbits consume fibrous plant materials, they must eat a lot to meet their nutrient needs. However, their gastrointestinal tract is small compared to other herbivores, such as horses and cattle. So to accommodate large amounts of plants, food moves through the tract relatively quick. Their digestive system is designed to make the most efficient use of the nutrients found in their diet (The digestive System of the Rabbit, 2011). Cecotropes are produced in a region of the rabbit’s digestive tract called the cecum, a blind-end pouch located at the junction of the small and large intestines. The small intestine for rabbit is about 3 m long and nearly 1 cm in diameter. The contents are liquid, especially in the upper part. (“Rabbit Anatomy- Rabbit Body System”, 2015). As to cow, the small intestine is about 20 times longer than the length of the animal,so a cow two metres in length would have a small intestine 40 metres long (Animal Structure & Function, 2016)!

Cow:

The rumen compartment contains bacteria, protozoa, molds, and yeast, which are adaptable for cows to digest a large variety of feeds from grass, hay, and corn to brewer’s grains, corn stalks, silage, and even urea (Hall, Silver, 2009).

Rabbit:

The food rabbit eaten does not stay in the digestive system for a long time, which might lead to the insufficient digestive food. Therefore, caecum breaks down the particles, which does not digest in small intestine. The particles will stay there about 2 to 12 hours, while they are attacked by bacterial enzymes (“Rabbit Anatomy- Rabbit Body System”, 2015).

Excretory System

The waste created after digestion occurs is gathered into fecal matter and moved into the colon. Then, when the animal is ready, the muscles inside it push the feces through the colon. Then, the muscles in the anus relax and abdominal contractions push the feces out.

Comparison of digestive system

Rabbit’s digestive system: salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, pancreas, functional caecum, colon, caecal appendix, rectum, anus (“Rabbit Anatomy- Rabbit Body System”, 2015).

Cow’s digestive system

reticulum, omasum, abomasum, rumen, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, anus (Fears, 2013).

Comparison of excretory system

Rabbit’s excretory system

Urinary Tract

The urinary tract of the rabbit is similar to that of other mammals.

The upper urinary tract is comprised of:

• the kidneys (one each on the left and right side of the body)

and

• the ureters (tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder)

• the urinary bladder (simple collection bag for urine)

• the urethra (the tube connecting the bladder to the outside of the body and is the pathway for urine to travel during urination)

Urine is formed as blood goes into the kidneys and is filtered of waste products.

Depending on the hydration status of the rabbit, urine is diluted or concentrated as the kidneys allow more or less water into the urine.

Once formed, urine travels through collecting ducts in the kidney to the ureters. Via the ureters, urine flows to the urinary bladder.

When the rabbit is ready to urinate, the muscles of the bladder contract and the sphincter at the exit hole relaxes and urine is expressed out of the bladder and through the urethra and to the outside of the body.

In males, the urethra travels through the penis and is a long tapering tube.

In females, the urethra is short and wide and ends in the vagina.

Urine Colour
The urine of rabbits may be orange or brownish red in color. This has been attributed to dietary compounds, plant pigment, or stress. The colour production is usually intermittent, but may be mistaken for hematuria.

The calcium excreted in the urine may lead to a chalky or cloudy appearance to the urine, and calcium carbonate or calcium oxalate crystals may routinely be present in normal urine (“Rabbit Anatomy- Rabbit Body System”, 2015).

Comparison of circulatory system

Cow’s circulatory system:

“The heart of the cow provides four chambers, two ventricles and two atria. This is one of the most efficient system, as deoxygenated and oxygenated bloods are not combined. The right atrium gets deoxygenated blood through the body via both the inferior and superior vena cava”. The functions of circulatory system are gasses transported, transported other nutrients to cells, transport other wastes from cells and transport hormones (“Circulatory System of a Cow”, 2014)

The reason why the cow’s heart is bigger than the rabbit’s is its big body size. Therefore, cow needs a bigger and stronger heart to pump the blood.

The heart rate for cow is from 48-84 beats per minute (Resting Heart Rates, 2015), which is lower than the rabbit’s 130-325 beats per minute.

Rabbit’s circulatory system:

• “Both the right and left atrioventricular valves are bicuspid in rabbits.

• The heart is small relative to total body size, comprising only 0.3% of the total body weight. The heart rate is 130-325 beats per minute.

• Rabbits have the most muscular pulmonary artery of any species, which contributes to their predisposition for pulmonary hypertension.

• Other vessels in rabbits are thin-walled, and prone to collapse and hematoma formation with venipuncture. The external jugular vein provides the main route for venous drainage from the head, as compared to the internal jugular vein in most mammals.

• There is a lack of anastomoses between the external and internal jugular veins. This is clinically significant because ligation or thrombosis of the external jugular vein can lead to temporary exophthalmos , which is a condition in which the eye seems to be bulging out of the globe. These cases are rather complicated because the eye is usually just secondarily involved, but the primary cause can be located elsewhere – either behind the eye or in the thorax (Insight Into Rabbit Eye Diseases, 2013). Ligation of the external carotid artery will cause ocular necrosis on that side” (“Rabbit Anatomy- Rabbit Body System”, 2015)

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