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Works Cited

Gur, David, and Eli Netser. Brothers for Resistance and Rescue: the

Underground Zionist Youth Movement in Hungary during World War II.

Gefen, 2007. (raoulwallenberg.net)

What did the forgers face?

Jackson, Philip. “Jewish Book Council.” Adolfo Kaminsky: A Forger's Life ,

www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/adolfo-kaminsky-a-forgers-life?

A=SearchResult&SearchID=31240917&ObjectID=8864333&ObjectTyp

e=35.

skatrix.com, programming: “The Heroism Of Varian Fry.” Varian Fry,

www.hitlerschildren.com/article/1559-the-heroism-of-varian-fry.

During the holocaust, Jews were being constantly slaughtered. Forged documents meant that they would get out of the country and escape Hitler's "Final Solution." Everyday, the forgers risked their lives to save others. They could have been discovered, turned in, or betrayed. If that happened, the forgers could be killed. This was the concern everyday for the forgers. However, the forgers saved thousands of Jews and many are still alive today.

Oscar Rosowsky

Oscar Rosowsky was born in Berlin, Germany. Rosowsky was a forger during the Holocaust. When Oscar was a teenager, he forged someone's name to stop his mother from being sent to Auschwitz. Thankfully, it worked.

Because anti-semitic laws prevented him from being a doctor, he was forced into a job repairing typewriters. This is where he started learning the skills he needed to forge new identities for the people he saved. He managed to save a total of 3,500 refugees with his forging skills.

Oscar Rosowsky as a youg man.

In 1942, 19 year old Rosowsky had come home from a scout camp to find that his father, Ruben, was arrested. He was taken to Auschwitz. Ruben died right before the war ended, when the Nazi’s forced the skeletal prisoners to walk in sub-zero temperatures.

Adolfo Kaminsky

Varian Fry

Adolfo Kaminsky was a forger during the holocaust trying to fight for freedom. Adolfo invented solutions to technical problems, as well as developing skill as a photographer. His forgery for the French Resistance saved over 14,000 lives. His daughter Sarah found some of his documents when she was rather young, and she was very confused because they were her real documents. But she also found a document from the army, thanking Adolfo Kaminsky for his secret service to the army by forging documents. Sarah finally found out his story when he was 77 years old. The story was so intriguing to her she decided to write a book about it. The book is now one of the most well known books about forgery during the holocaust.

Source: www.pagina12.com.ar

Adolfo Kaminsky Today

Source: CBS News

Varian Fry was sent to France in 1940 to work for an organization that provided relief to refugees escaping from the Nazis.

The American committee that helped refugees was called the Emergency Rescue Committee.

To help French refugees Fry stayed in France for 13 months. While there he was being watched and had to be very careful. He was questioned and held by Nazi officials. He created the American Relief Center. He used illegal money, he forged documents, and set up routes through mountains and across the sea to help refugees escape.

Fry helped 2,000 people to escape but was eventually kicked out of France.

He was awarded a French honor for his work and bravery and he died in 1967.

Fry was a journalist from

the US. He worked to

help refugees escape

from Nazis in France.

Agmon Tzipora

Source: hitlerschildren.com

Agmon Tzipora was born in Tiachiv, Ukraine on August 13, 1920.

In 1940 she moved to Budapest where she worked in a hostel for apprentices. In 1943 she was hospitalized due to arthritis. After the Germans occupied Hungary in 1944, she joined the underground forgers. Her job was to find apartments where the forgers could hide. She also distributed forged documents all over Hungary to Ghettos and even forced labor camps.

Source: raoulwallenberg.net

She helped to free a member of their movement from the basement of a detention camp where he had been tortured by the Gestapo.Agmon helped transfer Jewish children to children’s houses. She became the supervisor and lovingly cared for the children. In 1947 she immigrated to Isreal. Due to never being treated in Hungary, her arthritis turned into heart disease. She died on the operating table in 1966.

David Gur

David Gur was born in 1926 in Hungary. After he became enrolled in college, he joined the Hashomer Hatzair Zionist (Jewish Protection)movement in Budapest. When the Nazis occupied Hungary Zionist youth movements decided to go underground. They had to change their identities so they could get things done, which meant that they needed forged documents.David Gur joined an underground workshop team forging documents. Eventually he took chief authority for the operation of the workshop. This workshop provided

Source: collections.ushmm.org

forged documents to the Jewish public, and many non-

jewish resistance groups. The underground document forgers helped move Jews with fake papers to Romania so they could go to Palestine through the Black Sea. David Gur was arrested in late December 1944 and the contents of the workshop were confiscated. He was taken to the military prison in Budapest, where his fellow forgers eventually helped him to escape.

David Gur Today

Source: yadvashem.org

The Forgers

Holocaust Resistance

What is Resistance?

Merriam Webster Dictionary’s definition of resistance is the refusal to accept or comply with something, or the attempt to prevent something by action or argument. Resistance during the Holocaust was the attempt to stop the Nazis, to save Jews, to help those in concentration camps. Resisters risked their lives to save others or themselves. Resisters were brave, persistent, and empathetic. Some resistors may have been Jews themselves. The others may have been raised to do what was right. Most resistors do not believe that they are heroes.

“We did our duty as human beings: helping people in need.” -Miep Gies (Holocaust Resistor/Survivor)

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