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- Extremely versatile

- Can diagnose various diseases

- Only imaging technique that maps bodily functions over time

- Produces a 3 Dimensional Image

- Radiation risk from the injection of a radioactive tracer is about the same as an X-ray

- Takes 2-4 hours

- CT scan can result in moderate to high levels of radiation due to electron-positron annihilation

The Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan and Stethoscope

Physics Explanation

Acts like polarization in electromagnetic waves

- Bell is used to amplify low frequency sound waves by filtering out high frequency sound waves

- Used to listen to lungs

- Diaphragm is used to amplify high frequency sounds by filtering our low frequency sound waves

- Used to listen to the heart

Amplification of sound waves based on constructive and destructive interference

- Bell: Filters out low frequency waves = resulting high frequency waves create a constructive inference = amplified high frequency sound

- Diaphragm: Filters out high frequency waves = resulting low frequency waves create a constructive inference = amplified low frequency sound

Cost Analysis

Physics Explanation

- Stethoscope costs $200 to buy

- Regular check-up costs $40 for the patient

- Cost stethoscope paid of in 5 check-ups

The Process

1.) Radioactive isotopes (radionuclides) are injected into blood stream.

2.) CT Scan is taken.

3.) Resulting image is analyzed.

Visual

Stethoscope

Applications

- Can be used to recognize symptoms of a disease

- Instrumental in diagnosing lung and heart diseases

Depends on position emission decay

- Two positron particles are emitted by a nucleus and annihilates instantaneously with an electron

- All mass energy of the electron-positron annihilation converts to gamma rays, which travel in opposite directions

Detection of gamma rays

- A circular detector (CT Scan) sums the signal from all detector pairs that correspond to a line going through that location

- This allows the formation of a 3D image that depicts the concentration of the radioisotope in a certain area

- Concentration is shown with brightness/colors of the image

Purpose: An acoustic medical device for listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.

Pros

Visuals

- Used to listen to heart and lungs

- Necessary to diagnose symptoms and diseases

- Can diagnose internal diseases that are hard to recognize externally

- Portable and minimal space usage

PET Scan

Cons

- Limited uses

Applications:

- Diagnose cancer, heart problems, and brain disorders

- Check brain functions

- See progression of cancer

- Analyze blood flow (blood clots)

Purpose: A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance (radionuclide) called a tracer to look for disease in the body.

Pros

Cons

Cost Analysis

- Standard CT Machine costs $125,000-$175,000

- One dose of radionuclide (F-18) for one PET scan costs around $4000

- One PET scan can cost $6000 dollars for a human patient, so $1000 for an animal

- Costs paid off after 122-180 PET scans

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