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- Extremely versatile
- Can diagnose various diseases
- Only imaging technique that maps bodily functions over time
- Produces a 3 Dimensional Image
- Radiation risk from the injection of a radioactive tracer is about the same as an X-ray
- Takes 2-4 hours
- CT scan can result in moderate to high levels of radiation due to electron-positron annihilation
Acts like polarization in electromagnetic waves
- Bell is used to amplify low frequency sound waves by filtering out high frequency sound waves
- Used to listen to lungs
- Diaphragm is used to amplify high frequency sounds by filtering our low frequency sound waves
- Used to listen to the heart
Amplification of sound waves based on constructive and destructive interference
- Bell: Filters out low frequency waves = resulting high frequency waves create a constructive inference = amplified high frequency sound
- Diaphragm: Filters out high frequency waves = resulting low frequency waves create a constructive inference = amplified low frequency sound
- Stethoscope costs $200 to buy
- Regular check-up costs $40 for the patient
- Cost stethoscope paid of in 5 check-ups
The Process
1.) Radioactive isotopes (radionuclides) are injected into blood stream.
2.) CT Scan is taken.
3.) Resulting image is analyzed.
Visual
Applications
- Can be used to recognize symptoms of a disease
- Instrumental in diagnosing lung and heart diseases
Depends on position emission decay
- Two positron particles are emitted by a nucleus and annihilates instantaneously with an electron
- All mass energy of the electron-positron annihilation converts to gamma rays, which travel in opposite directions
Detection of gamma rays
- A circular detector (CT Scan) sums the signal from all detector pairs that correspond to a line going through that location
- This allows the formation of a 3D image that depicts the concentration of the radioisotope in a certain area
- Concentration is shown with brightness/colors of the image
Purpose: An acoustic medical device for listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.
Visuals
- Used to listen to heart and lungs
- Necessary to diagnose symptoms and diseases
- Can diagnose internal diseases that are hard to recognize externally
- Portable and minimal space usage
Cons
- Limited uses
Applications:
- Diagnose cancer, heart problems, and brain disorders
- Check brain functions
- See progression of cancer
- Analyze blood flow (blood clots)
Purpose: A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance (radionuclide) called a tracer to look for disease in the body.
Pros
Cons
- Standard CT Machine costs $125,000-$175,000
- One dose of radionuclide (F-18) for one PET scan costs around $4000
- One PET scan can cost $6000 dollars for a human patient, so $1000 for an animal
- Costs paid off after 122-180 PET scans