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The Frog

The Rat

The tongue is attached at the lip and retracts from the back of the mouth unlike any other animal studied.

The skin of the frog is the only skin type out of all the vertebrates that functions as the respiratory organ. It is also the only animal with a tongue attached at the front instead of back.

Frog does not have claws on feet like the rat or bird.

Both the frog and the fish had the same skin texture near the heads (slimy and slick). The interior of the skin sample of the frog looked similar to the rat. They both had spidering veins covering them.

The skin was very easy to cut through and exposed the webbed veiny interior underneath.

Mr. Terry's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Class

amphibian

mammal

Lab Notebook

https://www.drinstruments.com/scalpel-safety-lock.html

Sources:

http://www.coleparmer.com/Product/Mayo_Dissecting_Scissors_Dissecting_grade_Straight/EW-10921-02

http://biostudy4u.com/physiology/integumentary-system/

http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ReptilesAmphibians/Exhibit/Topics/snake_skin.cfm

http://www.slideshare.net/raqzraqueliamante/powerpoint-of-integumentary-syytem

http://sciencenetlinks.com/student-teacher-sheets/integumentary-system/

http://www.allaboutfrogs.org/weird/general/skin.html

http://www.ratbehavior.org/RatTails.htm#Function

http://kiya-lily-biology11.blogspot.com/2011/01/rat-dissection.html

Rats skin is water proof, senses temperature, pressure and is soft to protect the animals insides.

The skin of the rat has similar properties to the bird while the hair and feathers act in the same way (insulation, protection). The tail of the rat is covered in small scales not unlike both the snake and the fish, which are all used for the same purpose, protection.

http://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/FiveVertebrates.htm

While the frog and rat share the fact they both have glands, the rat is the only animal that possesses mammary glands.

  • The rat has two layers of skin
  • Long teeth on upper and lower lip and tongue was a blue & pink color.
  • Covered in hair (like all mammals).
  • Skin is thick and serves many purposes such as the ability to retain water, which is why the rat is able to be terrestrial.
  • Rectangular skin sample was obtained using scissors and scalpel.
  • The rat's tail has a thermoregulatory function: it serves as a heat-loss organ.
  • The skin on the tail consists of small scales and fine hairs.
  • Inside of skin was thin, and a light pinkish color, was covered in pink veins.
  • Warm blooded (endothermic)
  • Has waterproof skin that functions as respiratory organ unlike any other vertebrate
  • Skin was smooth, slimy, and rubbery in texture but is very thin. The slime quality is due to the gland that secretes a mucus that helps keep the skin moist. Since the skin is so thin, it is very easy for it to dry out and tear.
  • Exterior was a mottled brown color
  • Skin was cut from the stomach of frog where a lot of loose skin was.
  • It is ectothermic which means it largely regulates body temperature based upon its surrounding environment.

The fish and the frog have a lot in common. The eyes were similar in the protruding shape on the sides of head. Their skin is non-keratinized and covered instead by mucus which is why it feels like the frog. the fins (seen on left) and the frogs hands and feet were webbed with thin transparent skin.

The Bird

The Fish

bird

  • Potent odor
  • Individual scales fell off as fish was handled.
  • Tongue was a light rosy color
  • Exterior of skin was very tough. The scales were more difficult to cut through than some of the other organisms.
  • Ectothermic, lives in an aquatic environment.
  • Typically the fish has a mucous cuticle which makes the surface of fish slippery and protects from bacteria.
  • The integumentary system of the fish has many facets such as: communication, respiration, thermal regulation, and protection.

The Snake

  • The epidermis on a bird is considered the feathers, scales on legs, beak and talons.
  • Distinct smell
  • The feathers on a bird provide many functions such as insulation and pigmentation
  • Short, pink tongue could be seen in the beak.
  • Skin was taken and observed from the birds neck where the most loose skin was to be found.
  • Exterior was black, interior was a dark tan color.
  • Endothermic

reptile

The bird has sharp nails on the end of its feet, similar to the rats claws. These are used for prey and gripping.

Both the rat and the bird are the only organisms studied to be endothermic. However, unlike the rat, the bird possess no teeth.

  • Strong odor
  • Cold blooded
  • Speckled, tan color; usually for camouflage & protection
  • Scales were ridged (for grip)
  • The top and belly of the snake had different scale type and color
  • Interior of skin was slick but also had thinner, opaque scales
  • Reptiles have five layers of skin (comeium, intermedium, lucialum, vlosum, stratum germination), the deepest layer is the stratum germinatium.
  • Ectothermic

Snake is ectothermic similar to the frog and fish.

Skin was different from the frog and fish in that it did not possess any of the oily feel.

On exterior, skin is rough and ridged.

top of snake

The snake's scales act in similar ways to the fish's scales. They are both used for protection and temperature regulation.

underside of snake

Integumentary Systems of Vertebrates

Definition

  • The largest organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage. The integumentary system consists of skin, scales, feathers, hair & glands. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.

human integument

By: Indra Khalsa

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