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Each table has a few long quotes from Saburo Ienaga's chapter "The Military: Authoritarian and Irrational" from The Pacific War.
GUIDING QUESTION
China
CAUSES OF EXPANSION
Was the "southern advance" a reasonable attempt to address to Japan's international dilemma, or was it a reckless step toward war?
The USSR
WHAT YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO DO:
The United States
Define what Japanese leaders meant by the "southern advance," and explain why they opted to pursue it.
The League of Nations
Articulate the U.S. response to the "southern advance," and assess whether it was a reasonable one.
AUTHORITARIAN & IRRATIONAL
THE MILITARY
Explain why Tokyo decided in September 1941 to prepare for war against the United States.
After five minutes, rotate to the next table and do the same for the quotes on that table.
EVENTS
ANALYZING
BACKGROUND
War with China in fourth year by 1940 and victory nowhere in sight. Japan won almost ever battle but the Chinese had ample room for retreat.
Japan struggled to have enough men to occupy land conquered, let alone invade even further into China.
"The message conveyed in the cartoon is that ..."
WHAT IS A POLITICAL CARTOON?
INSERT TOPIC HERE
An editorial in picture form.
WHAT IS AN EDITORIAL?
"is"
WHAT OPINIONS DO THE CARTOONS SHOW ABOUT OBAMA'S HANDLING OF ISIS?
WRITE OUT SAMPLE ANSWERS BASED ON THE TEMPLATE PROVIDED
INSERT DESCRIPTOR HERE
POLITICAL
SYMBOLISM
a newspaper article expressing the editor's OPINION on a topical issue.
The League of Nations symbol is surrounded by doves representing peace.
The judges, all European, are labelled: wisdom, sanity, decency, good faith, justice and honour.
The Lytton Report, in the form of a huge book, is being read by other Europeans.
(good/bad/intelligent/destructive/being treated unfairly/misguided/stupid/determined/heroic/oblivious/tragic)
A gun-toting japanese man is alone to hear the verdict and is thumbing his nose, a gesture of contempt or ridicule, to the judges.
SO POLITICAL CARTOONS ALMOST ALWAYS HAVE A CLEAR MESSAGE!
Two spectators are talking to each other and not listening to the proceedings.
"because"
IRONY
The League is supposed to be effective at stopping aggression, though here it is shown not to be.
PAPER 1, Question 1
INSERT REASONING HERE
Countries are supposed to adhere to and respect the judgements of the League, though here Japan clearly does not.
"You can tell this as the cartoon shows..."
What is the message conveyed in the politcal cartoon, Source A?
INSERT EXAMPLES HERE.
Japan was comforted by the German victories of 1940. Saw this as a chance to advance into colonies of weakened European states, which were conduits for American aid (British-owned Burma, British-owned Hong Kong, and French-owned Indochina) to the Chinese and rich in raw materials.
ANALOGY
SAMPLE ANSWER
The League of Nations' decisions concerning the Manchurian Crisis IS LIKE a court sentencing a violent criminal to a very lenient punishment.
What is the message conveyed in the political cartoon?
France and Britain were in no position to defend these colonies.
RESPONSES
You will then be responsible for presenting one group of quotes to the class, explaining what each quote helps you understand Ienaga's thesis that the military is authoritarian and irrational.
THINGS TO LOOK FOR:
SYMBOLISM
Fictional Conference
Cartoonists use simple objects, or symbols, to stand for larger concepts or ideas.
INSTRUCTIONS:
After you identify the symbols in a cartoon, think about what the cartoonist intends each symbol to stand for.
SYMBOLISM
EXAGGERATION
Sometimes cartoonists overdo, or exaggerate, the physical characteristics of people or things in order to make a point.
EXAGGERATION
When you study a cartoon, look for any characteristics that seem overdone or overblown. (Facial characteristics and clothing are some of the most commonly exaggerated characteristics.) Then, try to decide what point the cartoonist was trying to make through exaggeration.
IRONY
Break into groups of 4-5. Each group will either represent the United States or Japan.
Irony is the difference between the ways things are and the way things should be, or the way things are expected to be. Cartoonists often use irony to express their opinion on an issue.
IRONY
When you look at a cartoon, see if you can find any irony in the situation the cartoon depicts. If you can, think about what point the irony might be intended to emphasize. Does the irony help the cartoonist express his or her opinion more effectively?
Japan Presents Opening Statement
CARTOONS
ANALOGY
You will be given a historical document that outlines your positions.
An analogy is a comparison between two unlike things that share some characteristics. By comparing a complex issue or situation with a more familiar one, cartoonists can help their readers see it in a different light.
After you’ve studied a cartoon for a while, try to decide what the cartoon’s main analogy is. What two situations does the cartoon compare? Once you understand the main analogy, decide if this comparison makes the cartoonist’s point more clear to you
ANALOGY
Read the document individually and come up with five questions to ask THE OPPOSING SIDE concerning their positions and interests.
United States Presents Opening Statement
Meet as a group and discuss which questions are best to ask and rank the top five.
Create an opening statement outlining your views that you can present at a fictional conference between the United States and Japan in 1940.
Question and Answer Session
Be ready to present your statement and answer questions, as well as ask your questions of the other side.
EMPEROR
Elder Statesmen
Imperial Ministry
Privy Council
ELECTORATE
GOVERNMENT
FACTIONALISM IN THE MILITARY
PRIME MINISTER
COURTS
ARMY
TERM ONE SUMMATIVE EXAM
DIET
HOW & WHY DID JAPAN EMBRACE
The Imperial Way
The Control Clique
& CABINET
NAVY
ULTRANATIONALISM, MILITARISM &
HOUSE OF PEERS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
TWO (2) Source Analysis Questions
WHY?
EXPANSION?
ONE (1) Source Evaluation Question
WHY WESTERNIZE?
JAPANESE ART WALK:
Move around the class room and use the post-its to comment on the three artworks you find interesting and ask questions about two you are unclear about.
As a class, see if you can categorize the art into three or four groupings..
MPARE
SOURCE BASED
O
NTRAST
To pass laws, they must move from the House of Representatives to the House of Peers, where it must be approved. From there, it moves to the Cabinet and the Prime Minister, who must unanimously approve it. Because the military has two seats in the Cabinet, it is impossible to pass any law without the military's consent. They can withhold their votes until they get everything the want. This gives them tremendous leverage in the government.
SSAY
ONE (1) Source Based Essay Question
"Furthermore, the military could topple cabinets by having an army or navy minister resign or prevent their formation by refusing to provide officers to serve in these positions... The cabinet was responsible to the people for national policies,
but events were often decided by the military, who were responsible to neither the people nor the cabinet."
There is also no civilian oversight of the military. They are totally independent of the Diet and the Prime Minister. This is known as the "independence of the supreme command".
Ienaga, 36
FIVE MINUTES READING TIME
PAPER ONE
+
ONE HOUR
With reference to its origins, purpose and content, analyse the value and limitations of Source 0 for historians studying Japanese militarism. (4 marks)
With reference to its origin, purpose and content, assess the value and limitations of Source Q for historians studying the influence of the zaibatsu on Japan's government.
With reference to its origin, purpose and content, assess the value and limitations of Source D for historians studying the emergence of Japanese militarism.
EXAM
MEIJI
ANALYSIS
EVALUATION
PAPER ONE QUESTION FOUR
Look over the document "Paper 1 Question 12 Help on the Weebly. Read the instruction and the sample answer to get a good idea of what is expected in the source based essay question.
THE SECOND SINO JAPANESE WAR
FOUR SOURCES
FOUR QUESTIONS
OPPORTUNISM
ONE HOUR
GEKOKUJO AT HOME
GROWING
JAPANESE EXPANSION AND SUCCESS, 1894-1905
GEKOKUJO ABROAD
POPULATION
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904-05)
SINO-JAPANESE WAR (1894-95)
RESOURCES
CAUSES
JINGOISM/MILITARISM
POLO
MARCO
SOCIAL/POLITICAL/ECONOMIC/IDEOLOGICAL/MILITARY/FOREIGN/DOMESTIC?
DOMESTIC DIFFICULTIES
Work together in groups of two to outline an answer to Paper 1, question 4.
In the early attempts, assassins and conspirators were almost always treated leniently because their motives were supposedly to help Japan become less corrupt.
When treated leniently, conspirators and assassins often spent very little time in jail and became semi-celebrities.
PRACTICE PAPER 1
Brief context, thesis statement, and outline for each body paragraph. In each outline, you must explain how you will use each of the sources below.
After 2/26, there actually was a public backlash against the conspirators and people like them.
In later attempts, government officials were successful in getting harsher sentences , even the death penalty, for conspirators. Ikki Kitta was executed in 1937
These assassinations and assassination attempts were often carried out without the knowledge of the high ranking military leaders.
The Control Clique put the Imperial Way generals on the inactive list and transferred the young officers to unimportant positions.
Several conspirators, both military and civilian, were executed, including Ikki Kitta. Martial Law was declared.
PRACTICES/EVENTS
The Army set to try to alleviate the conditions that caused the formation of the Rebels.
Causes of the Incident
However, the Control Clique did call for an aggressive, militaristic, foreign policy aimed pushing into northern China (as a breakwater against communism) and military influence in the government continued to grow.
BRIDGE
CARTOON TIME!
Responses to the Incident
USING YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MARCO POLO BRIDGE INCIDENT AND YOUT UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOOLS USED BY POLITICAL CARTOONISTS, CREATE TWO CARTOONS. EACH CARTOON NEEDS TO HAVE A CLEAR MESSAGE. BOTH CANNOT HAVE THE SAME MESSAGE/PERSPECTIVE.
Some, including Kanji Ishihari, feared getting bogged down in China. He believed the Soviets and the Chinese Communists wanted the Japanese to fight the Nationalists so that both would end up weak.
It was under these conditions that the Marco Polo Bridge Incident took place.
The Incident Itself
Some believed the incident should be handled locally. Others believed it should be used as a pretext to teach Chiang Kai Shek a lesson.
"No one realized that it was a declaration of total war with China"
TOLAND, 46
Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoye eventually agreed with the expansionists, who claimed the war would be over in three months. He also did not want his Cabinet to fall.
AFTER 1917
COMBAT COMMUNISM
Confusion and miscommunication over the event also made it easy to push Japan towards war.
Even Ishihari agreed when he was convinced that the Chinese would mistreat Japanese traders in the area.
SOCIAL/POLITICAL/ECONOMIC/IDEOLOGICAL/MILITARY/FOREIGN/DOMESTIC?
ASSASSINATIONS
"JAPAN HAD TAKEN THE FIRST GIANT STEP TOWADS WAR WITH AMERICA"
http://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/dec/03/guardianobituaries.japan
Or search "Ienaga Obituary Guardian" into Google.
TOLAND, 47
KANJI ISHIHARI
Why does this concern the US? What was the US response?
SEISHIRO ITAGAKI
Finance Minister Korekiyo Takahashi
Prime Minister Tsuyushi Inokai
Head of Matsui Tamuka Dan
Chief of Military Affairs Bureau Tetsuzan Nagata
Prime Minister Keisuke Okada (attempted)
Grand Chamberlain Suzuki (attempted)
Inspector General Jotaro Watanabe
Japanese reaction, of course, was quick and bitter. "Japan is expanding," retorted Yosuke Matsuoka, a diplomat whose sharp tongue and ready wit was winning him many followers. "And what country in its expansion era has ever failed to be trying to its neighbors? Ask the American Indian or the Mexican how excruciatingly trying the young United States used to be once upon a time." Japan's expansion, like that of America's, was as natural as the growth of a child. "Only one thing stops a child from growing: death." He declared that Japan was fighting for two goals: to prevent Asia from falling completely under the white man's domination, as in Africa and to save China from Commumism. No treasure trove is in her eyes- only sacrifices upon sacrifices. No one realizes this more than she does. But her very life depends on it, as do those of her neighbors as well. The all-absorbing question before Japan today . . . is: Can she bear the cross?"
INCIDENT
Read the Obituary. What was Ienaga's goal as a Japanese historian? How did he go about achieving that goal? How successful was he?
CONSEQUENCES/EFFECTS
Read Chapters 1 and 2 (pages 3 to 32) of his book and take notes on them in your Evernote. Write down any questions you have about the reading in your notes as well.
WHERE?
SOCIAL/POLITICAL/ECONOMIC/IDEOLOGICAL/MILITARY/FOREIGN/DOMESTIC?
GEKOKUJO
EXPLANATION FOR THE OUTCOME
You will be assigned a group. One group will look at the Chapter "Misconceptions about China and Korea", the other will be concerned with the Chapter "Thought Control and Indoctrination".
The Rebels Manifesto from the 2/26 Incident
"The coup itself-named the 5/15 (May 15, 1932) Incident- had fizzled out, but it brought forth even more sensational trials. There were three in all, one for civilians, one each for the Army and Navy personnel. As usual a large segment of the public sympathized with the assassins, and there was general applause when one defendant declared that he and his comrades only wanted to sound an alarm to awaken the nation. The people had heard so much about 'corruption' that little sympathy was shown the memory of gallant little Inukai. His death was a warning to politicians."
5/15 Incident
"Feeling ran so high that 1O,OOO petitions far clemency signed and written entirely in blood, inundated officials at the trial. Nine young men from Nigata asked to take the place of those on trial, and to show their good faith enclosed their own nine little fingers pickled in a jar of alcohol.
One of Inukai's assassins did express regret but said that the Prime Minister had to be 'sacrificed an the altar of national reformation.' Another declared, 'Life and death does not count with me. I say to those who bemoan my death, ‘Do not shed tears for me but sacrifice yourselves on the altars of reform.''
The results of the trials could have been predicted. No one was sentenced to death and of the forty to receive sentences almost all were free in a few years. To the people they were martyrs, their own champions. Who else called far such drastic methods to end, the crippling Depression? Who else would lead the farmers and workers out of poverty? Who else dared publicly assail leading politicians, court officials and financial barons for corruption? And since so many people believed in this, so. implicitly, the power of the militarists and rightists continued to grow."
"The national essence [kokutai] of Japan; as a land of the gods, exists in the fact that the Emperor reigns with undiminished power from time immemorial into the farthest future in order that the natural beauty of the country may be propagated throughout the universe, so that all men under the sun may be able to enjoy their lives to the fullest extent…
In recent years, however, there have appeared many persons whose chief aim and purpose has been to amass personal wealth, disregarding the general welfare and prosperity of the Japanese people; with the result that the sovereignty of the Emperor has been greatly impaired. The people of Japan have suffered deeply as a result of this tendency and many vexing issues now confronting Japan are attributable to this fact.
The genro, the senior statesmen, military cliques, plutocrats, bureaucrats and political parties are all, traitors who are destroying the national essence. It is our duty to remove the evil retainers from around the Throne and to smash the group of senior statesmen. It is our duty as subjects of His Majesty the Emperor. May the gods bless us and help us in our endeavor to save the land of our ancestors from the worst that confronts it."
2/26 Incident
KOREA
CHINA
As a group, make a mind map showing the major "misconceptions" and examples of "thought control".
Ienaga, Saburo. The Pacific War
After 25 minutes,be ready to present to the class.