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Drainage, Ground Water, and Glaciers

Drainage Basins: A plot of land where rain falls and enters a common river, slowly increasing its size until reaching the ocean.

The area separating different drainage systems is a continental divide.

Ground Water: Ground water makes its way through pores of rock. Porous rocks let water flow through them. A layer of porous rocks is called an aquifer. City dwellers get water from reservoirs, which are man made lakes. Rural areas get their water from wells, which pump water from the aquifer.

Glaciers: Two-thirds of the worlds fresh water is trapped in glaciers. Alpine glaciers form in mountains and then travel downhill slowly. Continental glaciers cover large ares of land on ice sheets. When the glaciers reach the ocean, gravity will melt the tips and they will break off falling into the ocean, becoming an iceberg.

Water's Effect on Shaping Earth's Surface

Weathering, erosion, and deposition all factor into shaping the Earth.

  • Weathering is the process of water breaking down rock into smaller pieces. There are three types: physical, chemical, and biological weathering.
  • Physical weathering involves physical contact with the rocks - rubbing or scratching them, for example.
  • Chemical weathering involves chemical reactions that break down rocks.
  • Biological weathering is in combination with physical or chemical weathering where it's caused by either plants or animals.

Many caves were formed due to weathering in this park in Utah.

Distribution of Water

Water's Effect on Shaping Earth's Surface

The Water Cycle

Professions Related to Water

  • Hydrologists study water systems and solve problems related to the number and quality of water.
  • Oceanographers are similar, but they study oceanic systems specifically.

Evaporation: Heat is applied to

water, turning it into water vapor.

Condensation: Heat is lost from water, turning it back into a liquid.

Precipitation: Water is stored in clouds until the cloud is full. Once full, it releases all of it's water. The type of precipitation (rain, snow, hail, etc) can depend on the air pressure, air temperature, and the wind.

How Ocean Water Differs From Fresh Water, Continued

Cycling: After the precipitation stage, the cycle will repeat again as the water particles are again heated.

  • Erosion is the process of water moving rock fragments away from their original location, using water, gravity, or glaciers.
  • Moving water can break rock down into sediment, which can be moved even more easily via rivers or ocean waves.
  • Gravity can push water down on hills or mountains so that rocks get pushed down.
  • Glaciers scrape the land, and leave striations on the ground. Because glaciers can be so large, they can form massive valleys.

How Ocean Water Differs from Fresh Water

An "informative" video based on the water cycle.

Never again, I say.

An oceanographer.

Density of Salt Water: Because of the salt, ocean water is denser than salt water. Out of the 3.5% of ocean water that is a salt, 30.6% is sodium, 55% is chloride, and the 14.4% other minerals.

An example of a striation caused by glaciers. Shoutout to Bob Ford, by the way.

Sources of Fresh Water

  • Glaciers can cause a multitude of features; aretes, cirques, fjords, hanging valleys, and horns.
  • Run-Off: When rain water travels to streams, rivers, and other bodies of water, being pulled by gravity. Run-off is important to keep bodies of water renewable.

Freezing Point of Salt Water: Fresh water freezes at 0 degrees. Salt water freezes at -1.9 degrees

Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved. Sea water is 200x times saltier than fresh water.

Factors Effecting Run Off:

  • The nature of ground material: rocks do not absorb water well, so there is more run-off.
  • The amount of rain: if it rains heavily for a long time, the ground gets more saturated, increasing run-off.
  • Angle of land: if the land is at a higher angle (mountains) it flows faster, increasing run-off.
  • Vegetation: vegetation absorbs the water, so less vegetation means more run-off.
  • Development in the area: the more developed an area is, the more run-off.

The water's saltiness comes from water running of the land. The rain, falls into streams, and eventually into the ocean. Undersea volcanice eruptions emit sulfur, flourine, chlorine, and hydrogen. They fall into the ocean making it salty.

Water's Effect on Shaping Earth's Surface

  • Deposition is the process of creating land forms out of sediment that was previously eroded.
  • It creates things like deltas or sand dunes.
  • Deltas are built-up sediment near where rivers empty into the ocean.
  • As well, glaciers pick up sediment as they drift, and eventually deposit it when they melt.
  • Glaciers can form erratics, eskers, moraines, and outwashes.

An example of an outwash.

Role of Water Systems

They're pretty important, I guess

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