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Freeze-thaw

Salt crystal growth

This occurs when water in joints and cracks freeze at 0 degrees then expands by 10 per cent.

This occurs when sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate expand by 300 per cent when waterf evaporates.

Rain-splash erosion

Disintergration

Slope Processes

and

Weathering

On flat surfaces raindrops compact the soil and dislodge particles. On steep slopes there is more downward erosion due to gravity and that continues that downward slope angle.

This is found in deserts where there is diumal temperature where the rocks heat up by day and contract by night.

Falls

Rock falls occur on steep slopes and are due to a weakness in the rocks which can be caused by weathering.

Surface wash

Pressure release

This occurs when the soils infiltration exceeds capacity and the water flows over the land and can form gullies.

This is the process where overlying rocks removed by erosion cause underlying ones to expand and fracture parellel to the surface.

Physical

Weathering

Soil creep

Individual soil particles are pushed by wetting, heating or freezing of water. they move at right angles to the surface as its less resistant then the particles are dried, cooled or thawed, movement goes down hill forming terracattes

Slides

Sliding material maintains its shape as it slides down a slope until it reaches he bottom where it slumps.

Biological

Weathering

Slope Processes

Carbonation solution

Slumps

Biological weathering involves both mechanical impacts such as growth of roots and chemical impacts such as the release of organic acids.

Sheetwash

This occurs on rocks with calcium carbonate. Rainfall and dissolved carbon dioxide forms a weak carbonic acid which forms calcium bicarbonate or calcium hydrogen carbonate which is removed by percolating water.

Slumps occur on weaker rocks, when the rock absorbs water and becomes saturated and it then flows along a slip plane.

A sheetwash is an unchanneled flow of water over the soil. Sheetwash is divided into areas of high velocity and low velocity.

Chemical

Weathering

Oxidation

Throughflow

Hydrolysis

This occurs when iron reacts with oxygen and produces a reddish brown coating.

Throughflow is water moving through the soil through very small natural channels and makes it able to transport material.

This occurs on rocks with orthoclase feldspar. Orthoclase reacts with acid water and forms kaolinite, silicic acid and potassium hydroxyl. The acid and hydroxyl and acid are removed and china clay is left behind

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