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Where an organization, group or country have distinct levels of command.
Such a government was in place in New france according to historians. There where two: religious and Civil.
Civil:The Civil hierarchy determined people's position from a political stand-point. As a definition, it pertianed to a place where politics where important such as a country or a town, rather than an organization or religion.
Religious:The Religious
hierarchy determined the
position of the members
of the Cleregy and as a
phrase-for obvoius
reasons-must pertain to
a religion or cleregy.
The three people in charge of everyone(the King, the Viceroy, and then the Minister of the Navy)stay in the homeland, in this case france. This is because since New France was only a colony and they had both them and the rest of France to manage, they stayed where needed and let the lessers who were involved in only the governing of that colony remain where they where needed. The three heads of country stepped in only when laws or buisness decisions where to be made concerning the whole colony. The Soverign Council made the decisions of what laws the people would need to follow on a day to day basis whilst conducting their buisness and trade. The highest position in New France was Governor, who decided who should occupy the Soverign Council, who should see these laws or orders carried out as intendant and who-of course-should be local governor in the certain regions. No Governer was remembered like Louis de Buade.
Governer Louis de buade was the son of a colonel in the Navarre regiment, the regiment that helped Henry IV retake Amiens from the spanish. He has some other interesting lineiage aswell. For it was a de Buade, who would grandfather the future governer of Canada: Antoine de Buade. Unfortunatelly, there is very little information on Antione. Louis served under Henry IV as a soldier fighting everywhere from Normandy to Holland to Italy.
Once he retired from the Military service, he came home to Paris where he married unsuccessfully. After their first child they separated, and Louis retired to a central department in France Called Indre. There he became in debt and to pay off the debt, he decided to go to New France. King Louis XIV sent him to be governer. In the post of governer, it was important to look"of the King". Louis was asked by the King to set up seigneuries, keep the settlers close to the Trade routes and try his best not to escalate the fur trade. Louis, however, saw the trade route as a way to profit greatly and maybe pay off his debt. So he sent soldiers in to instead of minimalize the Trade routes, set up forts to keep the English and the Dutch off the trade routes. One of which is now Kingston, Ontario.
When King Louis XIV found out about this, he was furious. Not only had he set off a competition between the First Nations on who could provide the most good furs, but that had resulted in the Iroquios taking the Illinois Land and kicking them out because of a bad past between the two. As a result, the King decided to bring him back to France. Louis de Buade conviced the king to let him return and despite ignoring orders again, attacking the English instead of the Dutch for own personal gain, he remained at the post until his death in 1698.
Arguably, the next position down the hierarchy was the Intendant. Similar to the judge on modern times, he made sure that the laws emitted by the Soverign Council were upheld. Similar to a Jury, he was usually just a commoner, and similar to the police, he made sure that people obeyed the law and that lawbreakers were punished. The first and third man to obtain this position was Jean Talon. He was first appointed in 1665 and condunducted the first cencus 1666. He was also responsible for surveying what other resources New France could provide other than Furs, building the ship docks, fishery, sawmills and the brewery. The trade with the other french colonies in the caribbean, the Filles de roi program(where women-called the king's daughters-where sent to New France to balance the sexes in New France), also his creation.
In 1668, his first term ended. In 1670 he was reappointed, but in 1672 his second run as Intendant was over, and was brought back to France. Talon had great plans for New France and dreams of what it could accomplish, but because of the war with the English and the Dutch, his ideas never got the funding they needed and the potential was wasted.
Montréal 1725: In 1642,
the village of Ville Marie
is founded, and served as
a fur trading post and a
religious missionary. in
1685, they built a wall
around the village and
later in 1701 rebuilt it out
of stone instead of wood.
By 1725, the town had over
2000 citizens of traders,
merchants, militery staff
and religious figures.
Montréal today: It is one of
the largest french-speaking
cities in the world, second
only to Paris. It's population
in 2006 was over 1.5 million.
It is the home of many
aerospace companies,
Bombardier Inc., and Canada's
medicinal Drug industry. It holds
four of the province's nine
universities, one orchestra, one
ballet and one opera. As a law,
all exterior buisness signs must
be in french.
Who presided over all in this hierarchy depended on
the religion. As the french where mainly a roman
catholic people, they had a pope. Next down where
Patriarchs, Major Archbishops, Primates,Metropolitans,
then Archbishops, Diocesan Bishops, and normal Bishops.
This body would make up the clergy, as distinguishable from a laity.
the body of ordained people in a
religion.
the body of worshipers of same
religion.
Pope Alexander VII sent Francios de Laval to New France so he could organize the church's work there. He arrived in 1659, and by 1674, he was appointed the first bishop of Québec by Pope Clement X. In the contreversial matters of king's word vs. Pope's word, his mind was always set. He believed the roman catholic church to be superior above all else. In 1688, after achieving his major goals of setting up a school to train boys in priesthood and creating an area of chuches controled by the bishop, he retired.
The people of the laity at the time would
often form Lay organizations. These
where considered religious organizations
like schools that weren't run by members
of the clergy. For instance, the Congrégation
Notre-Dame was a school for girls considered
a Lay Organization. In 1671, Laval officially
approved of their work and the school became
a religious organization of nuns.
The education system was very much diferent than it
is today. The boy's education was considered more
important than the girl's. The equipment was primative
at best, and the teachers where conidered harsh and strict.
Where as now, the education is important regardless of
gender, the equipment is astonishing, and teachers are
taught to be friendly with the students. Overall, I think a
great improvement from the 1600's.
According to the first cencus of New France, conducted by Jean Talon, 65% of the populus lived in Québec, Montréal, Trois-Rivières, or Île d'Orléans. Of the Total populations, there were 2034 males, and 1181 females. This gives further cause to the Filles du roi plan, also set up by Jean Talon before the cencus was conducted. Not including religious work, there where 17 different occupations in New France, none of which were allowed to be fulfilled by women because the schooling system didn't teach women to be skilled workers.
There are many groups of people who where considered
at the bottom of the Hierarchy, such as indentured servants.These people worked at hard manual labor for little or no pay, but after three years they get to go free, and look for a normal job. Crooks where also considered low. However, they where given the opportunity to go to
a colony and work as a indentured servant. Many took this opportunity, but the king's advisor said that they didn't want to put bad people into a new colony. Many of them where instead, sent to the caribbean colonies where conitions where harsh and Many prisoners changed their minds when they got there.
Slaves weren't much different from the indentured servants, other than the fact that slaves where almost never freed and they were imported from the caribbean colonies where as the indentured servants were most of the time destitute men from France. Finally, the First Nations. The French may have depended on them in the early times of settlement for their hunting and trapping skills, but disregarded them in census because the authorities defined them as not important enough to count.
Samuel de Champlian, when he first came here, described the Land as fertile and healthy. Little had changed when historian Pierre de Charlevoix described it as cold, but fertile in summer. The richness of the soil meant that it could make the french rich as well. The theory behind this is, the child colony has to provide
inexpencive, raw materials, and at the same time pay for the manufactured ones that it would recieve in turn. The theory is called mercantilism. The rules of the system where: the colony could not trade with any countries outside the mother country's domain, and it couldn't have a manufacturing industry to compete with the mother country.
Since the French domain contained France, New France, and the
Caribbean Islands, the trading pattern is described as a triangle trade.
You could tell a lot about what the area would look like from what
the colony exported and imported. For instance; France exported only manufactured goods that the colonies payed for and men to inhabit
the colonies; The Caribbean exported rum, tobbaco, molasses and
suger to France and thew in some coffee for New France; New France,
in turn, gives The Caribbean fish, peas, flour and wood and for France,
replaces the peas and flour with furs.
New France was a dream that never came true. A failed
attempt at making a French North America. It was a full
twenty times less populated than New Enlgand, it was
in a harsher climate, and the king wouldn't invest money
or the men into it that Jean Talon, Samuel de Champlian,
Louis de Buade,Pierre de Charlevoix, and probably even
Bishop Laval, knew it needed. Maybe that's why they
lost the seven year war, and that what's left of New
France is only half the size, and a different country.
Louis de Buade
By: Ian.R
Jean Talon
Jean Talon visiting the Colonists