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The Hierarchy of France

and New France

Def-Hierarchy:

Where an organization, group or country have distinct levels of command.

Such a government was in place in New france according to historians. There where two: religious and Civil.

The Difference?

Civil:The Civil hierarchy determined people's position from a political stand-point. As a definition, it pertianed to a place where politics where important such as a country or a town, rather than an organization or religion.

Religious:The Religious

hierarchy determined the

position of the members

of the Cleregy and as a

phrase-for obvoius

reasons-must pertain to

a religion or cleregy.

Coming down the Civil food chain

The three people in charge of everyone(the King, the Viceroy, and then the Minister of the Navy)stay in the homeland, in this case france. This is because since New France was only a colony and they had both them and the rest of France to manage, they stayed where needed and let the lessers who were involved in only the governing of that colony remain where they where needed. The three heads of country stepped in only when laws or buisness decisions where to be made concerning the whole colony. The Soverign Council made the decisions of what laws the people would need to follow on a day to day basis whilst conducting their buisness and trade. The highest position in New France was Governor, who decided who should occupy the Soverign Council, who should see these laws or orders carried out as intendant and who-of course-should be local governor in the certain regions. No Governer was remembered like Louis de Buade.

Governer Louis de Buade

Governer Louis de buade was the son of a colonel in the Navarre regiment, the regiment that helped Henry IV retake Amiens from the spanish. He has some other interesting lineiage aswell. For it was a de Buade, who would grandfather the future governer of Canada: Antoine de Buade. Unfortunatelly, there is very little information on Antione. Louis served under Henry IV as a soldier fighting everywhere from Normandy to Holland to Italy.

Once he retired from the Military service, he came home to Paris where he married unsuccessfully. After their first child they separated, and Louis retired to a central department in France Called Indre. There he became in debt and to pay off the debt, he decided to go to New France. King Louis XIV sent him to be governer. In the post of governer, it was important to look"of the King". Louis was asked by the King to set up seigneuries, keep the settlers close to the Trade routes and try his best not to escalate the fur trade. Louis, however, saw the trade route as a way to profit greatly and maybe pay off his debt. So he sent soldiers in to instead of minimalize the Trade routes, set up forts to keep the English and the Dutch off the trade routes. One of which is now Kingston, Ontario.

When King Louis XIV found out about this, he was furious. Not only had he set off a competition between the First Nations on who could provide the most good furs, but that had resulted in the Iroquios taking the Illinois Land and kicking them out because of a bad past between the two. As a result, the King decided to bring him back to France. Louis de Buade conviced the king to let him return and despite ignoring orders again, attacking the English instead of the Dutch for own personal gain, he remained at the post until his death in 1698.

Intendant Jean Talon

Arguably, the next position down the hierarchy was the Intendant. Similar to the judge on modern times, he made sure that the laws emitted by the Soverign Council were upheld. Similar to a Jury, he was usually just a commoner, and similar to the police, he made sure that people obeyed the law and that lawbreakers were punished. The first and third man to obtain this position was Jean Talon. He was first appointed in 1665 and condunducted the first cencus 1666. He was also responsible for surveying what other resources New France could provide other than Furs, building the ship docks, fishery, sawmills and the brewery. The trade with the other french colonies in the caribbean, the Filles de roi program(where women-called the king's daughters-where sent to New France to balance the sexes in New France), also his creation.

In 1668, his first term ended. In 1670 he was reappointed, but in 1672 his second run as Intendant was over, and was brought back to France. Talon had great plans for New France and dreams of what it could accomplish, but because of the war with the English and the Dutch, his ideas never got the funding they needed and the potential was wasted.

The Difference?

Montréal 1725: In 1642,

the village of Ville Marie

is founded, and served as

a fur trading post and a

religious missionary. in

1685, they built a wall

around the village and

later in 1701 rebuilt it out

of stone instead of wood.

By 1725, the town had over

2000 citizens of traders,

merchants, militery staff

and religious figures.

Montréal today: It is one of

the largest french-speaking

cities in the world, second

only to Paris. It's population

in 2006 was over 1.5 million.

It is the home of many

aerospace companies,

Bombardier Inc., and Canada's

medicinal Drug industry. It holds

four of the province's nine

universities, one orchestra, one

ballet and one opera. As a law,

all exterior buisness signs must

be in french.

The religious hierarchy

Who presided over all in this hierarchy depended on

the religion. As the french where mainly a roman

catholic people, they had a pope. Next down where

Patriarchs, Major Archbishops, Primates,Metropolitans,

then Archbishops, Diocesan Bishops, and normal Bishops.

This body would make up the clergy, as distinguishable from a laity.

Def-clergy:

the body of ordained people in a

religion.

Def-laity:

the body of worshipers of same

religion.

Bishop Francois de Laval

Pope Alexander VII sent Francios de Laval to New France so he could organize the church's work there. He arrived in 1659, and by 1674, he was appointed the first bishop of Québec by Pope Clement X. In the contreversial matters of king's word vs. Pope's word, his mind was always set. He believed the roman catholic church to be superior above all else. In 1688, after achieving his major goals of setting up a school to train boys in priesthood and creating an area of chuches controled by the bishop, he retired.

Lay Organizations

The people of the laity at the time would

often form Lay organizations. These

where considered religious organizations

like schools that weren't run by members

of the clergy. For instance, the Congrégation

Notre-Dame was a school for girls considered

a Lay Organization. In 1671, Laval officially

approved of their work and the school became

a religious organization of nuns.

Education

The education system was very much diferent than it

is today. The boy's education was considered more

important than the girl's. The equipment was primative

at best, and the teachers where conidered harsh and strict.

Where as now, the education is important regardless of

gender, the equipment is astonishing, and teachers are

taught to be friendly with the students. Overall, I think a

great improvement from the 1600's.

The people

According to the first cencus of New France, conducted by Jean Talon, 65% of the populus lived in Québec, Montréal, Trois-Rivières, or Île d'Orléans. Of the Total populations, there were 2034 males, and 1181 females. This gives further cause to the Filles du roi plan, also set up by Jean Talon before the cencus was conducted. Not including religious work, there where 17 different occupations in New France, none of which were allowed to be fulfilled by women because the schooling system didn't teach women to be skilled workers.

The Bottom of the Civil

Hierarchical Food Chain

There are many groups of people who where considered

at the bottom of the Hierarchy, such as indentured servants.These people worked at hard manual labor for little or no pay, but after three years they get to go free, and look for a normal job. Crooks where also considered low. However, they where given the opportunity to go to

a colony and work as a indentured servant. Many took this opportunity, but the king's advisor said that they didn't want to put bad people into a new colony. Many of them where instead, sent to the caribbean colonies where conitions where harsh and Many prisoners changed their minds when they got there.

Slaves weren't much different from the indentured servants, other than the fact that slaves where almost never freed and they were imported from the caribbean colonies where as the indentured servants were most of the time destitute men from France. Finally, the First Nations. The French may have depended on them in the early times of settlement for their hunting and trapping skills, but disregarded them in census because the authorities defined them as not important enough to count.

Economy

Samuel de Champlian, when he first came here, described the Land as fertile and healthy. Little had changed when historian Pierre de Charlevoix described it as cold, but fertile in summer. The richness of the soil meant that it could make the french rich as well. The theory behind this is, the child colony has to provide

inexpencive, raw materials, and at the same time pay for the manufactured ones that it would recieve in turn. The theory is called mercantilism. The rules of the system where: the colony could not trade with any countries outside the mother country's domain, and it couldn't have a manufacturing industry to compete with the mother country.

Since the French domain contained France, New France, and the

Caribbean Islands, the trading pattern is described as a triangle trade.

You could tell a lot about what the area would look like from what

the colony exported and imported. For instance; France exported only manufactured goods that the colonies payed for and men to inhabit

the colonies; The Caribbean exported rum, tobbaco, molasses and

suger to France and thew in some coffee for New France; New France,

in turn, gives The Caribbean fish, peas, flour and wood and for France,

replaces the peas and flour with furs.

Not what it could have been

New France was a dream that never came true. A failed

attempt at making a French North America. It was a full

twenty times less populated than New Enlgand, it was

in a harsher climate, and the king wouldn't invest money

or the men into it that Jean Talon, Samuel de Champlian,

Louis de Buade,Pierre de Charlevoix, and probably even

Bishop Laval, knew it needed. Maybe that's why they

lost the seven year war, and that what's left of New

France is only half the size, and a different country.

Flag of New France

Louis de Buade

By: Ian.R

Jean Talon

Map of New France

Jean Talon visiting the Colonists

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