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*Saussure thinks that words do not simply mean things in themselves.

*The concept of the sign composed of `signifier` and `siginified ` is fundamental to sturucturalism as well as to post-structuralism.

*People mean different things by using one word. The meaning depends on their experiences.

POST-STRUCTURALISM

AND POST-MODERNISM

POST-MODERNISM

Major features

* broadly populist

* tends to be multimedia rather than one kind of material

* promote clear and evident non realistic aesthetic

* it introduces many aspects of modernism

Simulacra

The idea introduced by Baurdrillard

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Jean-François Lyotard

http://www.philosophybasics.com/movements_modern.html

http://www.philosopherkings.co.uk/postmodernity.html

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wittgenstein_-_Language_Games

Hans Bertens `Literary Theory The Basics`

THE END

STRUCTURALISM

*Structuralism is an creative movement that developed in France in the 1950s and 1960s, in which human culture is analyzed as a system of signs.

*Structuralism is a theory emphasizing that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.

POST-STRUCTURALISM

Post-structuralism, mostly developed in the 60's and 70's by French philosophers, sought to redefine structuralism and critique its linguistic tenets. It denies that a central meaning can be found in any text and denies that you can analyze structures with accuracy, instead proposing that multiple and dynamic meanings exist and change with the societal conditions of the audience that consumes the text.

Ferdinand De Saussure

Michael Foucault

* Prominent in many fields including philosophy, social theory, and literary criticism. He is often regarded as a post structuralist for having been influenced by Derrida.

* Instead of treating author as the sole source, origin and guarantor of text’s meaning he offered that the author is treated as `historically variable and politically contested site`

Claude Levi-Strauss

Claude Levi-Strauss developed system of understanding interaction between symbols in different cultures

Roland Barthes

* His `Mythologies` (1957) was influenced by Saussure and Levi-Strauss.

* He developed Saussure's ideas to analyze media texts in relation to culture. He suggested that our understanding of many media texts rests not merely upon what the texts portray but on the texts relationship to frequently told myths in our culture.

Jacques Derrida

* Deconstruction is a literary criticism movement originated French critic Jacques Derrida in the 1960s. It means breaking down a text into its differences and indentifying its notional centre.

* "There is nothing outside of the text.” Jacques Derrida

* Derrida originated the theory but it borrows the ideas of many. Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, Ferdinand de Saussure and more..

* There are three stages of deconstructive proces.

POST-MODERNISM

Postmodernism --> grows out of artistic and literary environment-it’s linked with global COMMUNICATION and commercial MULTI-MEDIA

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