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Scientific

  • Universal causation
  • For every physical event there is a physical chain
  • Causal chain
  • Can be traced back
  • Traced foreward to theoretically predict future
  • Newton's three laws of motion
  • Pierre-Simon Laplace
  • If it were possible to know the position and speed of all the paritcles in the universe at any one time, you could know their position in the future
  • "We ought to regard the present state of the universe...as the cause of the state that is to follow"

Psychological determinism

Predestination

(To be completed on 10th May 2017)

  • Controlled by psychology
  • All human behaviour is a by-product of not choice but hereditary, social, cultral and environmental conditions.
  • These contitions cause us to act in a certain way which we can't avoid
  • Behaivourism
  • Classical conditioning: dog and bell
  • Operant conditioning
  • We learn through rewards and punishments
  • B.F. Skinner
  • Operant= any 'active behaivour that operates upon the environment to generate consequences' (1953)
  • Rat expeiments
  • Positive and Negative reinforcements
  • Reflective to humans e.g. Gambling
  • Ingrained into phychology=unavoidable
  • PREDICTABLE

What is it?

Hard Determinism

  • Incompatiblist stance
  • Causal laws govern everything in the universe, including our human actions.
  • For us, our prior causes include genetics and the environment which in turn has also been predetermined- creating a causal chain
  • E.G. "warrior gene" which is scientifically known as Monoamine oxidane A is found in psycopaths
  • More over, the Mary Bell case illustrates a time where upbringing determined her actions
  • Clarence Darrow among others said that these actions are caused by things outside of our control
  • "I know that life is a series of infinite chances, which sometimes results one way, and sometimes another"

Moral Nihlism

  • We are not morally responsible
  • Principle of alternative possibilities
  • X is morally respinsible for action Y but only if he has, or had alternatives to action Y
  • No control over prior causes and could do otherwise
  • Involuntary
  • We aren't the originating cause
  • We have no freedom= no responsibility

John Locke

John Locke gives the example of a man asleep in a locked room who awakes and decides to stay where he is. This is a free decision but in fact he couldn't have done otherise.

"This, then, is evident, That a man is not at liberty to will, or not to will, anything in his power..."- Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689)

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