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Brief Overview of the Risorgimento

Garibaldi's Nationalism

  • 1815: The Congress of Vienna splits Italian States apart; Balance of Powers

  • 1820-21 and 1830-31: First uprisings throughout Italy showing Italian's desire for independence

  • 1831: Giuseppe Mazzini forms Young Italy

  • 1848: revolutions throughout Europe and Italy (Milan, Venice, Rome and Sicily)

  • 1859-60- Second war of Italian Independence; annexation of Lombardy

  • 1860: Giuseppe Garibaldi and the expedition of the thousand

  • 1861: Kingdom of Italy proclaimed

  • 1866: Third war of independence; Venice captured

  • 1871: Capture of Rome
  • Member of Young Italy

  • In 1848, returned to Italy as the revolutions were beginning, and offered to help Piedmont, but was denied by Charles Albert which led him to build his own army to fight for independence

  • Lucy Riall of Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero argues that:

“The chief message of [his] life was how idealistic and unselfish patriotism might triumph over seemingly impossible difficulties and bring a new nation to birth.”

An influention figure

Conclusion

The father of Italy

  • George Macauly Trevelyan, author of Garibaldi's defense of the Roman Republic states:

"His followers were ready to endure much at the request of a famous soldier, the more so since he, being himself a man of the people, and with a most tender and human heart, was able to speak with them on terms of equality…”

  • Gained a reputation as a great general which effected everyday Italians, (students, artists, etc...) around him to rise up and fight for what he battled for.

Giuseppe Garibaldi's military conquests and complete devotion to Italian independence contributed greatly to unification. His commitment and unselfish intentions guided him to reach the end goal of a unified Italy in whichever form best suited the country. He truly was the father of Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi vigilantly fought for what he believed in, and through his defense of Italy, he successfully became this principle figure of the Italian Risorgimento.

Expedition of the thousand

Major contributions to unification

  • Demonstration of his reputation as an exquisite nationalist and conqueror
  • May of 1860, Garibaldi and around a thousand men sailed to Sicily, making their way through the Island, all the way to Naples.
  • In the summer of 1860, Garibaldi declared himself dictator of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies before handing the region over to King Victor Emmanuel II.
  • This led to Garibaldi victoriously uniting almost the whole peninsula, bringing the objective of unification extremely close to its goal.
  • With his First Italian Legion, he fended off thousands of Napoleons French troops for two months in defense of the Roman Republic.

  • Tim Chapman, author of The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 asserted:

"The heroism and ingenuity of the defense--and the defenders' subsequent escape over the mountains--served to inspire generation's of nationalists."

  • The expedition of the thousand

Opposing Views

Mazzini:

  • Created Young Italy
  • According to Tim Chappman:

“His aim became an independent Italy, completely unified and ruled as a republic.”

Yet...

“After the fall of the Roman Republic in 1849, the republicans were in decline. Mazzini refused to compromise his principles and, unlike other political activists such as Gioberti, he was not ready to work with Piedmont as he saw it (correctly) as a self-seeking and expansionist monarch.”

Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Italian Risorgimento

By Carley Farrell

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