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ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA

NEED OF ASR

ARGUS || SYSTEM

PROCESS OF IMPLANTATION

HOW DOES ASR WORK..??

  • The tiny camera, mounted on a pair of eyeglasses, captures the scene and sends it to a small computer
  • The processor translates the image into a series of signals that the brain can understand, and then sends the information to the brain implant
  • The computer transmits this information to an infrared LED screen on the goggles.
  • The goggles reflect an infrared image into the eye and on to the retinal chip, stimulating photodiodes on the chip.
  • The photodiodes mimic the retinal cells by converting light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted by cells in the inner retina via nerve pulses to the brain.
  • The goggles are transparent so if the user still has some vision, they can match that with the new information (the device would cover about 10° of the wearer’s field of vision).
  • The electrodes stimulate certain brain cells, making the person perceive the specks of light.
  • The shifting patterns as scans across a scene tells him where light areas meet dark ones, letting him find the black cap on the white wall.

  • The ASR contains about 3,500 microscopic solar cells that are able to convert light into electrical pulses, mimicking the function of cones and rods
  • Introduce a miniature device that removes the gel in the middle of the eye and replaces it with saline.
  • The retina through which they inject fluid to lift up a portion of the retina from the back of the eye, which creates a small pocket in the sub retinal space for the device to fit in.
  • The retina is then resealed over the ASR. ASR receives all of its needed power from the light entering the eye

  • Retinitis Pigmentosa(RP) and Age related Macular degeneration (ARMD) are Progressive blinding disorders of the outer retina which involve degeneration of the neurons.

  • There are no proven effective therapeutic remedy for these disorders .

Some of Methods employed to slow or halt the disease time course are

  • Use of Intravitreal injection of certain growth factors.
  • Identification of specific gene mutations has led to the development of the gene therapy approaches.
  • Transplantation can be effective in rescuing the photoreceptors from degeneration.

DRAWBACKS OF SILICON

  • Silicon based microdetectors continues to suffer from problems of deterioration of the chip, contamination of the eye and atrophy of the retina.
  • Silicon needs to be encapsulated in thin biocompatible polyimmide film because of its toxicity in the human body.

APPLICATIONS OF ASR

  • PROSTHETIC IMPLANTS
  • SURVELLIENCE
  • ROBOTICS

LIMITATIONS OF ASR

  • ASR is designed to interface and function with the retina that has partial outer retinal degeneration.

  • ASR can be applied only when the photoreceptor cellular layer of the retina is damaged but the remaining cellular layers are still functional.

  • ASR can be effectively applied to RP and AMD.

  • Conditions amenable to treatment with ASR’s include some forms of long-term retinal detachment,Usher’s syndrome, Cone- Rod Dystrophy.

RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA

MASCULAR DEGENERATION

Fundamental idea behind ASR

  • Hereditary Genetic Disease
  • Peripheral Rods degenerate
  • Gradually progresses towards center of eye
  • Spares the foveal region
  • Tunnel vision results

  • Genetically Related
  • Cones in Macula region degenrate
  • Loss or damage of central vision
  • Peripheral Retina spared
  • Common among old people

  • ASR is a solid state biocompatible chip which contains an array of photo receptors ,and is implanted to replace the functionality of the defective photoreceptors .
  • ASR consists of a microchip containing thousands of photo diodes.
  • Detects light and converts it into electrical impulses.
  • Eliminates the need for any wires,  batteries  or other secondary devices to supply power.
  • Artificial vision created by the controlled electric stimulation of the retina has color.

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA...??

  • ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA is an extremely tiny device
  • diameter of just 2 mm (.078 inch)
  • thinner (25 µm) than a human hair
  • small enough that doctors can transplant in eye without damaging other part of eye

BIOCOMPATIBILTY RESULT

MAGNIFIED IMAGE OF ASR

ADVANTAGES OF ASR

The good news

There is no progressive change in retinal appearance that may be associated with retinal toxicity.

The Bad news

Loss of photoreceptive layer over the region of implant which is expected due to deprival of oxygen and nutrients to those cells underlying the chip.

  • Does not require external power supply.
  • Is very minute.
  • It effectively helps in securing sight.

The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System can provide sight -- the detection of light -- to people who have gone blind from degenerative eye diseases like macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. Both diseases damage the eyes' photoreceptors, the cells at the back of the retina that perceive light patterns and pass them on to the brain in the form of nerve impulses, where the impulse patterns are then interpreted as images. The Argus II system takes the place of these photoreceptors.

The second incarnation of Second Sight's retinal prosthesis consists of five main parts:

a) A digital camera that's built into a pair of glasses. It captures images in real time and sends images to a microchip.

b) A video-processing microchip that's built into a handheld unit. It processes images into electrical pulses representing patterns of light and dark and sends the pulses to a radio transmitter in the glasses.

c) A radio transmitter that wirelessly transmits pulses to a receiver implanted above the ear or under the eye.

d) A radio receiver that sends pulses to the retinal implant by a hair-thin implanted wire.

e) A retinal implant with an array of 60 electrodes on a chip measuring 1 mm by 1 mm.

THANK YOU

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