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Jerome Kagan

9 TEMPERAMENT TRAITS

6. APPROACH/WITHDRAWAL

1. Activity Level

How is this Theory Relevant to...

Our Course?

Strengths

Weaknesses

How do they act around new people? Do they interact with them?

Do they wiggle/squirm often?

Are they always moving? Or are they quiet?

  • Kagan tested the theory with his associates, and found that the results matched his theory.
  • Inconsistent ideas
  • Kagan makes development appear to be objective

Negative class experience

=

A child's history of personal successes can greatly impact their development.

  • School work
  • Creating friendships
  • Physical development

Good class experience

=

Raised confidence, independance, change to face social situations and further develop social skills

What was the study?

Low confidence, loneliness, lesser chance of being able to apply what's learnt to real life.

7.ADAPTABILITY

2. DISTRACTIBILITY

  • Time to partake in social activities
  • Hands-on, and active learning
  • Encourages movement
  • Teamwork
  • Taught that it's okay to make mistakes!
  • Less opportunity to socialize
  • Forced to sit still
  • Making mistakes results in a bad mark (lowers confidence)

Kagan looked into the temperament of children by measuring their heart rates and by observing their body language as they were intoduced to various stimuli.

Children were then sorted into "inhibited" and "uninhibited" groups, where further testing was done.

How's their degree of concentration?

A lot of people would argue that one's biology does not always determine their destiny!

Secondly, some adults may disagree in saying that the way a child behaves should not lead us to make assumptions, and jump to conclusions in regards to their future.

The Worksheet Dilemma

&

Play based Curriculum

How do they respond to situations that are seperate from what theyre used to?

What was concluded?

* A healthy learning environment can potentially assist those who have a high reactivity and can also allow those who have a lower reactivity to flourish.

3. iNTENSITY

That the Amygdala was primarily the control centre for expression and regulation, and children who were inhibited had a more excitable, and structured Amygdala.

8.PERSISTANCE

In Kagans study, he only studied white, caucasian babies. No other race was included.

Mainly speaks about classroom settings during early childhood education, and how it can either negatively impact, or positively impact a child's development.

In any situation, do they tend to be overdramatic in their response?

How long does the child continue an activity? Do they change activities quickly?

BIOLOGY DOES NOT

= DESTINY

  • Other theorists can back up this theory with their research.
  • Carl Schwartz, (Harvard University) did further studies on inhibited children (determined by Cynthia Garcia-Coll) and noticed that 1/3 of these children were not only shy, but were diagnosed with some sort of Anxiety disorder while most uninhibited were not.

4. REGULARITY

9.MOOD

Are they predictable?

How do they react to the world around them? Happy or sad? Excited or anxious?

5. sensory threshold

How sensitive are they to physical stimuli?

Background Information

How Can Parents Help?

How is this Theory Relevant to.. Society?

  • Born in 1929 in Newark, New Jersey
  • He became influenced to enter the world of psychology after he saw his Grandfathers interest

"Let's put children in an environment that respects their differences."

From this theory, we have gained a new perspective on what contributes to a child's development.

Kagan has gone into detail to explain, "What contributes to high reactivity?", and also, "How we can accomodate those children?"

What if the Parent..

=

Self-indulgent, impulsive, children

Is rewarding bad behaviour, neglectful, doesn't allow child to harbour independance?

*Parental departure affects cognitive development by causing emotional distress

Education

A high reactive child does not always mean a shy adult!

Who would benefit from hearing Kagan's Temperamental Theory?

  • Encourage independance
  • Keep a child's self-confidence well maintained
  • Teach them the importance of self-control

Healthy, comfortable, child

=

Supports the child, and helps them to identify events they're sensitive to?

He went to Rutgers in 1950 where he received his bachelors.

He then went on to attain his PhD in psychology at Yale in 1954.

Teachers: Understand how to best accommodate their students for most effective, healthy development within the classroom.

Parents & Caregivers:

So they understand what a child needs to learn so they develop to their best potential, regardless of whether or not they have a high or low reactivity.

To be able to make the child's home environment a healthy, safe, and welcoming place for them to be able to express themselves and to eventually allow them to develop into active members of society as they grow older.

Main Premise of Kagan's Work

Temperament is an individuals characteristic level of emotional excitability or intensity.... it is often assumed to be an early indication of personality. Though personality combines temperament with experiences to shape life-long traits.

Kagan looked at Behaviourism, and was led to believe that yes, the environment impacts a child's cognitive development. However, it was not the only factor to consider.

After doing more research, he discovered that there may also be biological factors that could impact a child's temperament.

Behaviourism is a theory of cognition that focuses on behaviour instead of thoughts, feelings, or motivations.

Online Definitions!

Occupations

Jerome Kagan - On Temperament

Jerome Kagan - On Temperament

Low Reactivity:

"The Amygdala renders that site excitable"

High Reactivity:

  • Psychology Instructor (Ohio State University, 1954)
  • US Army hospital (Korean war, 1955-1957)
  • Researcher (Fels Institute,until 1964)
  • Professor of Psychology (Antioch College, 1959)
  • Professor (Harvard, 1964)

Main Premise of Kagan's Work

Cry, and thrash while facing unfamiliar events

More likely to be introverted, anxious adults

Less likely to flail, and cry at unfamiliar events.

Tend to babble, look around, and remain calm.

FACT: The Amygdala was measured to be more excitable, and structured than the brain of a child with a lower reactivity.

20%

40%

Tend to grow up to be more extroverted, sociable, and take more social risks.

of our children are born with predisposition that makes them experience intense physical responses to certain events

Kagan retired in 2005 at the age of 51

+

=

Temperament

(Determining factors of a child's personality and behaviours)

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