PASS ASSESSMENT TASK 1

PASS ASSESSMENT TASK 1

Diagrams

3. EXAMINE inspiration and expiration. Why does it occur and what happens to both when the human body increases its physical workload?

5. PROPOSE how the four body systems rely on each other for effective functioning when exercising.

1. DESCRIBE what the response of the heart is to increased levels of cardiovascular fitness under the following two conditions:

a) Rest

and

b) Exercise.

Inspiration

Expiration

Respiratory and Circulatory System

b) Exercise

Muscular and Skeletal System

a) Rest

• Expiration occurs when lung pressure is increased above atmospheric pressure, and that pushed the air out of the lungs.
• As the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax the thoracic cavity (chest cavity) contracts.

• Inspiration occurs when lung pressure is decreased below atmospheric pressure, and that causes air to move into the lungs.
• Muscles attached to the chest wall called intercostal muscles, and the diaphragm, contract.

• The respiratory system takes the oxygen needed for the body from the outside (of the body) and brings it into the lungs where it is diffused (cellular respiration) through the lungs into the blood stream.
• The circulatory system carries the oxygenated blood throughout the body where oxygen is exchange for waste materials (i.e. Carbon dioxide - CO2)
• The CO2 is then carried back to the lungs where it is let into the atmosphere (expiration) in exchange for Oxygen (inspiration)

• When resting, the heart beats at the minimum number of beats required
• The resting heart rate in a healthy teenager is 60-100 beats/minute.

• Working in unison, the joints, bones and skeletal muscles of the muscular and skeletal system comprise the musculoskeletal system.
• The primary function of these components working together is to create movement.
• For example, when running, the muscles in the legs (quads, calves, hamstrings) contract, while the bones provide stability and posture.
• Other functions include stability, posture and protection

• Before exercise, heart rate increases, in anticipation. This is called the anticipatory stage.
• After this response, the heart rate reaches its maximum, due to the level of exercise intensity. The formula for maximum heart rate is: MHR=220-Age.
• Providing the intensity of the exercise is constant, the heart rate will level off, which is known as the steady-state heart rate.

Physical Workload

2. DESCRIBE the movement pattern differences of THREE Synovial Joints.

• Inspiration - When the human body increases its physical workload, the diaphragm contracts more rapidly, as the demand for air by the lungs increases.
• Expiration - When the physical workload increases, the thoracic cavity contracts quicker, meaning the diaphragm relaxes for a split second, before contracting again.

Bibliography

Hinge Joint

Ball & Socket Joint

Diagrams

4. EXAMINE why organs of the human body contract involuntarily and what the implications would be of having to voluntarily contract them.

• This type facilitates the movements of:
• Flexion
• Extension
• Examples are in the elbows, knees and fingers.

• This type facilitates the movements of :
• Flexion
• Extension
• Adduction
• Abduction
• Rotation
• Circumduction
• Examples of these joints are in the shoulder and the hip.

• Boyd, Aaron. "Body Systems and Energy For Physical Activity." Exploring PASS Physical Activity and Sports Studies Years 9-10. Peakhurst, N.S.W.: Titan Education Pty, 2014. N. pag. Print.
• Callaway, Everett. "How the Skeletal System Works With the Muscular." LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 25 June 2015. Web. 12 Aug. 2015.
• Contributors, Many. "The Cardiovascular System and Exercise." The Cardiovascular System and Exercise. Sports Fitness Advisor, 2008. Web. 12 Aug. 2015.
• Groups, Study. "How Ventilation Muscles Cause Inspiration and Expiration - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com." Study.com. BBB Accressited Business, 2015. Web. 12 Aug. 2015.
• "Medcom, Inc. -." Medcom, Inc. -. SQD, 2015. Web. 12 Aug. 2015.

Involuntary Organs

Implications of having to Voluntarily Contract These Organs

Condyloid Joint

• Involuntary organs contract endlessly until a human dies. It is impossible to voluntarily contract these organs.
• If the heart stops beating, there will be an instant cardiac death.
• If the stomach muscles stop contracting, this is usually due to a disease called Gastroparesis, where the nerves controlling the muscles become infected.
• If lung failure occurs, a human would die a slow and painful death. This would mean someone trying to breathe, but can't, and loses their oxygen supply.
• If Liver failure occurs, then the abdominals would fill up with fluid, which is called Ascites.
• If kidneys stop working, then there would be an increased amount of water and waste products in the body. This is called uremia.

• Involuntary organs are those organs which are not under control of someone's will, they continue contracting regardless.
• There are many involuntary contracting organs in the human body. some of the most notable ones include: heart, lungs, stomach, liver and kidneys.
• Involuntary organs are the body's most important, and cannot be stopped while a human is alive.
• These organs have muscles, which involuntarily contract them. For example, in the heart, the cardiac muscle is the involuntary muscle which contracts it.

• This type facilitates movements of:
• Flexion
• Extension
• Adduction
• Abduction
• Circumduction
• Example is in the wrist