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Melatonin also influences the development of the reproductive system structures. It inhibits the release of certain reproductive hormones from the pituitary gland that affect female and male reproductive organs.
Melatonin has various functions in the central nervous system, the most important of which is to help modulate sleep patterns. Melatonin production is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light.
The pineal gland, is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain.The gland is reddish-gray and about the size of a grain of rice (5–8 mm) in humans.The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone, hence its name. The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join.
The pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles.Studies on rodents suggest that the pineal gland influences the pituitary gland's secretion of the sex hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).