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How do mobile phones transmit information?

How transmitting works:

Signals used for mobile phone communication:

Use ground stations and communication satellites. Ground stations are placed approx. 50km apart so that they can 'see' each other.

Cellular network uses ground based towers:

Digital signal is used instead of analogue as it is not as badly affected by noise/interference so digital signals do not attenuate.

Attenuate - lose energy.

Geostationary Satellites:

Phones use...

A satellite that orbits the Earth completely in around 24 hours and stays at a fixed point.

MICROWAVES - high frequency (300MHz to 300 GHz in range), short wavelength signals.

Microwaves use point-to-point telecommunications (the signal is focused into a narrow beam), so can be used for ground based and satellite communication.

Wide area wireless is used in mobile phones (travels several to several thousand kilometers).

Why microwaves are used:

Radio waves cannot be used for satellite communication because they are reflected by the ionosphere; microwaves can pass through.

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